杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 12 页，第 1 页）杭 州 师 范 大 学2014 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码： 243 考试科目名称： 二外英语 说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。Part I Reading Comprehension（Skimming and Scanning）(2*10=20)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet.For questions I - 7, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8 - 10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Will We Run Out of Water?Picture a “ghost ship” sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by a receding sea. Then imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the dry seabed and spewing them across towns and villages.Seem like a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral sea (咸海) in Central Asia, its all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate (provide water for ) farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size, stranding (使搁浅) ships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt content and become polluted, killing all 24 native species of fish.Similar large-scale efforts to redirect water in other parts of the world have also ended in 杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 12 页，第 2 页）ecological crisis, according to numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people will need more water in the next century.“Growing populations will worsen problems with water,” says Peter H.Gleick, an environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in Development, Environment, and Security, a research organization in California. He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one-third of the worlds projected (预测的) 8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages.WHERE WATER GOESOnly 2.5 percent of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing food, says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass. Two-thirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers (冰山) and ice caps (冰盖 ). In fact, only a tiny percentage of freshwater is part of the water cycle, in which water evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, then condenses and falls back to Earth as precipitation (rain or snow). Some precipitation runs off land to lakes and oceans, and some becomes groundwater, water that seeps into the earth. Much of this renewable freshwater ends up in remote places like the Amazon river basin in Brazil, where few people live. In fact, the worlds population has access to only 12,500 cubic kilometers of freshwater-about the amount of water in Lake Superior(苏必利尔湖). And people use half of this amount already. “If water demand continues to climb rapidly,” says Postel, “there will be severe shortages and damage to the aquatic (水的) environment.”CLOSE TO HOMEWater woes (灾难 ) may seem remote to people living in rich countries like the United States. But Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater. Groundwater accumulates in aquifers (地下蓄水层)，layers of sand and gravel that lie between soil and bedrock. (For every liter of surface water, more than 90 liters are hidden underground.) Although the United States has large aquifers, farmers, ranchers, and cities are tapping many of them for water faster than nature can replenish(补充) it. In northwest Texas, for example, overpumping has shrunk groundwater supplies by 25 percent, according to Postel.Americans may face even more urgent problems from pollution. Drinking water in the United States is generally safe and meets high standards. Nevertheless, one in five Americans every day unknowingly drinks tap water contaminated with bacteria and chemical wastes, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In Milwaukee, 400,000 people fell ill in 1993 after drinking tap water tainted with cryptosporidium (隐孢子虫) ，a microbe (微生物) that causes fever, diarrhea (腹泻) and vomiting.THE SOURCEWhere so contaminants come from? In developing countries, people dump raw (未经处理的) 杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 12 页，第 3 页）sewage(污水) into the same streams and rivers from which they draw water for drinking and cooking; about 250 million people a year get sick from water borne (饮水传染的) diseases.In developed countries, manufacturers use 100,000 chemical compounds to make a wide range of products.Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes. (Certain compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (多氯化联二苯) ，or PCBs, have been banned in the United States.But almost everyone contributes to water pollution. People often pour household cleaners, car antifreeze, and paint thinners (稀释剂) down the drain; all of these contain hazardous chemicals. Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants could be traced to household waste.Farmers have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides, chemicals that kill weeds and insects pollute water as well. Farmers also use nitrates, nitrogen-rich fertilizer that helps plants grow but that can wreak havoc (大破坏) on the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface runoff to lakes and seas. Too many nitrates “over enrich” these bodies of water, encouraging the buildup of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water.WHATS THE SOLUTION?Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and local solutions to water-related problems. Governments, for instance, would be better off building small-scale dams rather than huge and disruptive projects like the one that ruined the Aral Sea.“More than 1 billion people worldwide dont have access to basic clean drinking water,” says Gleick, “There has to be a strong push on the part of everyone-governments and ordinary people-to make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life.”1. That the huge water projects have diverted the rivers causes the Aral Sea to shrink.2. The construction of massive dams and irrigation projects does more good than harm.3. The chief causes of water shortage are population growth and water pollution.4. The problems Americans face concerning water are ground water shrinkage and tap water pollution. 5. According to the passage all water pollutants come from household waste.6. The people living in the United States will not be faced with water shortages.7. Water expert Gleick has come up with the best solution to water-related problems.8. According to Peter H. Gleick, by the year 2025, as many as _of the worlds people will suffer from water shortages.9. Two thirds of the freshwater on Earth is locked in _ .10. In developed countries, before toxic chemicals are released into rivers and lakes, they should be treated in order to avoid _.杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 12 页，第 4 页）Part II Vocabulary and Structure(1*30=30)Directions: Choose the best answer you think fit to fill in the gaps of each sentence with the items given. Please write down the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.11. In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _.A) gaps B) intervals C) length D) Distance12. I really dont know how to _ the problem.A) cope B) deal C) tackle D) dispose13. He smokes _ of ten cigarettes a day.A) on the average B) on an average C) on average D) up to the average 14. Don't drive so fast. You will be fined if you _ the speed limit.A) break B) reject C) suspend D) exceed15. Infections can be _if not treated early enough.A) fatal B) excessive C) radical D) exaggerated16. Many people take_ radios to the beach with them. A) liable B) purchasable C) comfortable D) portable 17. Now many people buy _ Christmas trees instead of real ones. A) false B) fake C) sham D) artificial 18. _ to the question of refreshments, I should think lemonade and sandwiches will be enough.A) Prior B) As C) Due D) According 19. The synthetic vitamins are identical _ those naturally present in our food.A) for B) of C) as D) with20. Information gathered by sensors is _to the control centers computer. A) transacted B) transmitted C) radiated D) transferred 21. Let us work in _ with our friends.A) corporation B) coordination C) cooperation D) coincidence22. I think the _ thing to do is phone before you go and ask for directions.A) sensible B) sensitive C) sensory D) sensational23. You shouldnt make him _ the tricky task. He is not experienced enough.A) take away B) take on C) take in D) take to24. The poor reception of your TV is probably due to outside _.A) interference B) interruption C) intervention D) interception25. Id _ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A) take into account B) account for C) make up for D) make out 杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 12 页，第 5 页）26. The wealth of a country should be measured_the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.A) in line with B) in terms of C) in regard with D) by means of27. Woodrow Wilson_to preserve world peace by supporting the establishment of an organization to settle international disputes. A) succeeded B) endeavored C) engaged D) enforced 28. When several people apply for the same job,_is usually given to whoever has better qualifications. A) superiority B) inferiority C) priority D) minority 29. Several emergency measures were taken to_the financial pressure on the government. A) eliminate B) alleviate C) reverse D) upgrade 30. Nobody_when I complained about the food, so nothing was done about it. A) turned to me B) relied on me C) backed me up D) held me up 31. All the students _ a loud laugh when the teacher told them the joke. A) let off B) let down C) let out D) let up32. In his speech the Minister of Industry said that industrial exports went up for three _ years. A) successful B) successive C) continual D) continuous 33. She _ her career after an interval of six years.A) assumed B) presumed C) resumed D) consumed34. He received a _wound soon after the battle began, and died two days later in a hospital. A) mortal B) moral C) slight D) severe 35. He would rather do anything _ prepare for the test.A) other than B) more than C) better than D) less than36. I would have accompanied you to the cinema yesterday, but I _ no time.A) had had B) could have had C) might have had D) had37. His proposal that the Air Force _ the UFO sighting was approved by the commission and referred to the appropriate committee. A) had investigated B) was investigating C) investigate D) investigated38. _ nothing more to discuss, the CEO got to his feet, said goodbye and left the meeting room.杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 12 页，第 6 页）A) There was B) Being C) There being D) As there being 39. Only if I can understand what you are listening to _ write it down correctly. A) I shall B) shall I C) I can D) can I 40. The foreign guests, _ were scientists, were warmly welcomed at the train station. A) most of them B) most of whom C) most of that D) most of thosePart III Reading Comprehension （Reading in Depth ）(1.5 *20=30)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please write down the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 41 to 50 are based on the following passage.A) deal B) physically C) wake D) performance E) making F) undergoingG) experience H) divorced I) determine J) compare K) department L) conscious M) presentation N) linked O) emotionallyDreams are a way for the subconscious to communicate with the _41_ mind. Dreaming of something youre worried about, researchers say, is the brains way of helping you rehearse for a disaster in case it occurs. Dreaming of a challenge, like giving a presentation at work or playing sports, can enhance your _42_. And cognitive neuroscientists have discovered that dreams and the rapid eye movement (REM) that happens while youre dreaming are _43_ to our ability to learn and remember. Dreaming is a “mood regulatory system,” says Rosalind Cartwright, PhD, chairman of the psychology _44_ at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. Shes found that dreams help people work through the days emotional quandaries. “Its like having a built-in therapist,” says Cartwright. While we sleep, dreams _45_ new emotional experience to old memories, creating plaid-like patterns of old images laid on top of new ones. As she puts it, “You may wake up and think, What was Uncle Harry doing in my dream? I havent seen him for 50 years. But the old and new images are _46_ related.” Its the job of the conscious mind to figure out the relationship. In fact, dream emotions can help real therapists treat patients _47_ traumatic (创伤的 ) life events. In a new study of 30 recently