2018 年全国硕士研究生招生考试初试自命题试题科目名称：外国语专业综合（ A 卷 B 卷）科目代码：620考试时间:3 小时 满分 150 分可使用的常用工具：无 计算器 直尺 圆规（请在使用工具前打）注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效；考完后试题随答题纸交回。本试卷由 A, B 两部分构成；选择题的答案，请考生在答题册上先标明大题，然后再按小题顺序写出小题的阿拉伯数字及相应的最佳答案字母代号。所有题目均须用英语答卷。共七大题，93 个小题，小题连续编号。誊写答案时，请按下列格式：Part A Comprehensive EnglishI. Synonyms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 6. 7. 8. 9 . 10.II. Structure.26. 27. 28. 29. 30 III. Sentence paraphrase.41.IV. Reading comprehension.46. 47. 48. 49. 50 Part B LinguisticsV. General linguistics knowledge.66. 67. 68. 69. 70 VI. Explain the terms.86. 87. VII. Answer the questions.91. 92. 93. Part A: Comprehensive EnglishI. Vocabulary. (25X1=25 points)Directions: In this part, there are 25 sentences, each with an underlined word or phrase. Following each sentence are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or expression.1. The doubt was still there, in the deep recess of her mind.A. cession B. secret place C. separation D. distinction2. A deep rift had started in their family life.A. raven B. cult C. pulp D. break3. We stowed all the books in the boxes and then put them in the attic.A. threw B. rejected C. debased D. stashed4. I am profoundly grateful for this opportunity to work with you.A. rejoicingly B. intensely C. lavishly D. pompously5. They were all prosecuted for illicit liquor selling. A. illegal B. illiterate C. illegible D. illustre6. He endeavored to adopt a positive but realistic attitude toward life. A. stiffened B. trotted C. strived D. trudged7. It should also teach you that life is uncertain and full of tribulationA. suffering B. experience C. effort D. distortion8. The government on Friday approved a Bill to outlaw and dissolve all secret societies. A. end B. dispatch C. scatter D. strip9. A solar cell takes radiation from the sun and converts it into electricity.A. transfers B. transforms C. transports D. transmits10. The governments reaction to this was issuing a writ against any child abuse A. document B. doctrine C. dogma D. dormant11. He began to assail them with every kind of invective he could think of. A. forum B. insult C. solace D. abuse12. A systematic and deliberate perversion of the truth is even harmful than gossip. A. distortion B. perplex C. diversion D. protrusion13. It was so hot that his shirt was quickly sodden with sweat. A. softened B. saturated C. fatigued D. subverted14. Gradually the fog dissipated as the sun came up. A. assimilated B. penetrated C. disappeared D. released15. With the omnipresence of advertisements, we are all susceptible to them.A. vulnerable B. doubtful C. hostile D. friendly16. It was pathetic to see a man to whom reading meant so much became almost totally blind.A. empathetic B. ungrateful C. pitiable D. indispensable17. I felt quite regretted for spending a lot of my salary on the frivolous things.A. poisonous B. silly C. favorable D. desirous18. Over 90 countries have ratified an agreement to ban the use of these chemicals.A. confirmed B. vetoed C. diversified D. clarified19. TV offers avid viewers the chance to watch all day long.A. greedy B. stupid C. lazy D. keen20. Many of us deplored this lack of responsibility for childrens food safety. A. pleaded B. growled C. denounced D. digested21. Tom invented his wifes death to bilk insurance companies out of millions of dollars.A. mislead B. verify C. damage D. cheat22. Each of them conceded the point that the present system was unfair. A. projected B. admitted C. proposed D. accorded23. His behavior had been perturbing me more than I had cared to admit. A. flattering B. coaxing C. disturbing D. pacifying24. He loves sitting on the lakeside, looking at the tranquil water on sunny days.A. serene B. waving C. reflecting D. undulating25. This unhappy experience made him unremittingly hostile towards strangers. A. remorsely B. irrevocably C. continuously D. unwaveringly II. Structure. Directions: In this part, there are 15 incomplete sentences. Following each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. (15X1=15 points)26. Henry David Thoreaus Walden is a thought-provoking account of the authors attempt to remove himself from _.A. the society he despised B. despised societyC. the society despised D. despising of society27. A hockey player rushing up the ice, traveling at more than 25 miles per hour and slapping a puck at more than 125 miles per hour, makes the sport _ than many other sports.A. is more dangerous B. more than dangerousC. more dangerous D. as more dangerous28. It is difficult for readers _ last page of Farewell to Arms by Earnest Hemingway could have been rewritten 39 times. A. the novel to imagine how the B. why to imagine the C. how to imagine D. to imagine how the29. Architects involved in big projects must study _ about the outside world before conceiving an idea.A. clients think B. whether clients think C. how their clients think D. thoughts that clients30. Amelia Earhart, who disappeared in 1937 and set new speed records for long-distance flying in the 1930s, _ perhaps more than anyone to prove that women could match men in bravery.A. done B. didC. who did D. to do31. The invention in the 1920s of the _ important, because from that time on the price of a light bulb plunged.A. machine was B. while a machine wasC. had a machine D. for the machine32. Etymology, _ finding out where a word came from by studying the roots of words, has been greatly assisted by modern inventions like the Internet. A. is a technique of B. which a technique of C. a technique is D. a technique of 33. Black Boy is an autobiographical account of the childhood of Richard Wright and portrays the suffering of an African American _ bigotry.A. in a society full of B. society in full ofC. who in a society full of D. in society full 34. The Mona Lisa, painted in Florence in 1504 by Leonardo da Vinci, is a name which is perhaps more recognizable to people throughout the world _ of da Vinci himself.A. as that B. than C. than that D. as35. At the beginning of the ice age, the areas human beings lived in _ milder and more pleasant to live, since they were generally located near equator.A. that they were B. were C. and D. and were36. Until the late 18th century, craftsmen were _ made toys, mastering their trade and carefully shaping each product hours by hand. A. what the main people B. who the main peopleC. the main people were D. the main people who37. Sunlight during dawn or dusk comes in at a lower angle, and since it cannot escape the dust and pollution of the atmosphere _, the sky turns orange and then red. A. as can the daytime sunlight B. can the daytime sunlightC. so can daytime sunlight D. as with daytime sunlight can38. White phosphorus, a substance _ in matches, is so flammable that it burst into flame upon contact with the air.A. is common B. common C. which being common D. being common, is39. More than anything, what saved Jamestown was the highly successful cultivation of tobacco, _ Indian assistance with farming undoubtedly played a major part as well. A. although B. in spite ofC. nor D. neither40. The 3000 calories you might eat _ energy to about 6 pounds of TNT.A. is equal in B. equalC. have quality in D. haveIII. Paraphrase the following sentences. (5X3=15 points)41. Even so, that we have found our present society upon delusional assumptions of limitlessness is easy enough to demonstrate.42. The television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype, delights in much of it, and has no scruples about practicing it. 43. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure, and by precipitating our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies.44. All of them are mummified with age and the sun, and all of them are tiny. It seems to be generally the case in primitive communities that the women, when they get beyond a certain age, shrink to the size of children. 45. Yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.IV. Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are two passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice. (20X 1= 20 points) Passage 1 The Expressions of EmotionsPara.1 Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language. Para.2 Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense. Para.3 Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.“ Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger? Para.4 Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive. Para.5 What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by ''crows feet“ wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Para.6 Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response - as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.46. The word “despondent” in Para.1 is closest in meaning to _.A. curious B. unhappy C. thoughtful D. uncertain47. The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to _.A. differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it.B. support Darwins theory of evolutionC. provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood.D. contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions.48. The word “concur” in Para.2 is closest in meaning to _.A. estimate B. agree C. expect D. understand49. The word “them” in Para.2 refers to _.A. emotions B. people C. photographs D. cultures50. According to Para.2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea?A. They didnt want to be shown photographs.B. They were famous for their story-telling skills.C. They knew very little about Western culture.D. They didnt encourage the expression of emotions.51. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence in Para.2?A. The Fores facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story character.B. The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.C. The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories.D. The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.52. According to Para3, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?A. They would be less intense.B. They would last longer than usual.C. They would cause problems later.D. They would become more negative.53. According to the passage, research involving which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis?A. The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons.B. The tendency of people in experiments to cooperate.C. The release of neurotransmitters by