2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on theANSWER SH EET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to thinkquickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for aperiod of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists arefinding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a declinein fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over asix-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse onmeasures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; inmen, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differencesand perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you agein order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches aremaintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high infiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1. A pauses B return C peaks D fades2. A alternatively B formally C accidentally D generally3. A while B since C once D until4. A detection B accumulation C consumption D separation5. A possibility B decision C goal D requirement6. A delay B ensure C seek D utilize7. A modified B supported C included D predicted8. A devoted B compared C converted D applied9. A with B above C by D against10. A lived B managed C scored D played11. A ran out B set off C drew in D went by12. A superior B attributable C parallel D resistant13. A restored B isolated C involved D controlled14. A alter B spread C remove D explain15. A compensationsB symptoms C demands D treatments16. A Likewise B Meanwhile C Therefore D Instead17. A change B watch C count D take18. A well-being B process C formation D coordination19. A level B love C knowledge D space20. A design B routine C diet D prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answerson the ANSWER SH EET. (40 points) Text 1How can Britains train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become agrimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burdenon those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This years rise an average of2.7 percent, maybe a fraction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er(CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and runningthe rail network. Should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker fromsurvey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East, many of whom will face amongthe biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poorinfrastructure of the Mid lands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes inyears. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, butpassengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines. However, there is a strong case that those whohave been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement , so that ,evenwhen strikes occur,services can continue to operate. This should from part of a wider package of measures toaddress the long-running problems on Britains railways. Yes, more investment is needed ,but passengers will notbe willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services interrupted by regularchaos when time tables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. They threat ofnationalization may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger ofpassengers is not addressed in short order.21. The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares .A has kept pace with inflation.B is a big surprise to commuters.C remains an unreasonable measure.D will ease train operators burden.22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for .A rail travelers.B car drivers.C local investors.Dordinary taxpayers.23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators .A have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.B have failed to provide an adequate service.C are offering compensation to commuters.D are trying to repair relations with the unions24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face .A the loss of investment.B the collapse of operations.C a reduction of revenue.D a change of ownership.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A WhoAre to Blame for the Strikes?B Constant Complaining Doesn't WorkC Can Nationalization Bring Hope?DEver-rising FaresAren't Sustainable Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesias bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace. Onereason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certainconditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cashtransfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle ofpoverty. They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the programme has providedenough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation andenvironmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns HopkinsUniversity.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting theenvironment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations dont prove cause andeffect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land forcattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesiaspoverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest inthe world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 including duringIndonesias phase-in of the antipoverty program in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see thatthe program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Farrow says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclementweather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement theirharvest. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess. Farrow suggests the results may transfer toother parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. Andregardless of transferability, the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the environment.Even if this program didnt reduce poverty. Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbondioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs”26.According to the first paragraph, CCT programmes aim to_.A Facilitate health-care reformB help poor families get better offC Improve local education systemsD lower deforestation rates27. The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that_.A cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poorB CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesC antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmersD economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation28. In his study about Indonesia, Farrow intends to find out_.A its acceptance level of CCTsB its annual rate of poverty alleviationC the relation of CCTs to its forest lossD the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that_.A it will benefit otherAsian countriesB it will reduce regional inequalityC it can protect the environmentD it can benefit grain production30. What is the text centred on?A The effects of a program.B The debates over a program.C The process of a study.DThe transfer-ability of a study. Text3As a historian whos always searching for the test or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. Ivebecome preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way toshatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). Ive found quite a few, and since I started posting them on Twitter they have been causing quite stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could,and did, laugh. They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-soyears that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians makes up only a tiny percentage ofthe vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sittersposing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do weexplain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: thedaguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes tocomplete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought holding afixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blankstare became the norm.But exposure ties were much quicker by the 1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and otherportable cameras meant that, though slow by todays digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s so we must look elsewhere for an explanation ofwhy Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips toconceal our teeth.” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistrymouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” wasa rare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and musichall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but itwas not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh, saidthat when it came photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixedforever”.31.According to paragraph 1, the authors posts on Twitter_.A. illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB. highlighted social medias tole in Victorian studiesC. re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public imageD. changed peoples impression of the Victorians.32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A. They are rare among photograph of that ageB. They show effect of different exposure timesC. They mirror 19th-century social conventionsD. They are in popular use among historians33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the 1890s?A. Their inherent social sensitivenessB. Their tension before the cameraC. Their unhealthy dental conditionD. Their distrust of new inventions34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was _.A. a thought-provoking ideaB. a misguide attitudeC. a controversial viesD. a deep-rotted belief35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B. When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C. What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D. How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cableand phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites overtheir rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providersfrom picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifebloodof the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill- in part because of push-back from broadband providersanti -regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court unchanged in again. Tuesday, but instead ofproviding a badly needed resolution. It only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for thedirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications (FCC.) on net neutrality, adoptedon a party -line