科目代 码：246 科目 名称 ： 英语 第1 页 共 5 页 南 京 航 空 航 天 大学 2018 年 硕士研究生入学考试初试 试题 （ A 卷 ） 科目代码: 246 满分: 100 分 科目名称: 英语 注意: 认 真阅 读答 题纸上 的注 意事项 ； 所有答案 必须 写在 答 题纸 上，写在 本试 题纸或 草稿 纸上均无 效； 本试题纸须随 答题 纸一起装入试题袋中 交回 ！ I. V ocabulary and Structure (20 points) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose ONE answer that best completes the sentence. 1. A. would B. would have C. had had D. had bought 2. The board deemed it urgent that these files _ right away. A. had to be printed B. should have been printed C. must be printed D. should be printed 3. I have heard both colleagues and boss _ well of him. A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak 4. Jean worked just so much _. A. like what she was told to B. as she was told to C. as to what she tried to do D. like she was told to ssistance to support laid-off workers. A. when it was founded B. was founded C. which was founded in D. was founded in 6. As he was blamed for damage he hadn t caused, indignation _ up in him. A. surged B. appeared C. rose D. soared 7. If the fire alarm is sounded, all students are requested to _ in the courtyard. A. converge B. assemble C. crowd D. accumulate 8. If Peter wins tomorrow, he _ thirty races in the past four years. A. will win B. has won C. would have won D. will have won 9. Petrol is manufactured from the _ oil we take out of the ground. A. rough B. raw C. crude D. tough 10. The size of the audience, _ we had expected, was well over one thousand. A. whom B. as C. who D. that 11. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, _ the behavior of animal depends mainly on instinct. A. so B. unless C. however D. whereas 12. He _ the meeting, but upon learning that they would discuss something irrelevant to his field of study, he dropped the idea. A. was going to attend B. had attended C. were to attend D. would have attended 13. The computer is the only one _ to issue tickets on the plane. A. to allow B. allowed C. allowing D. to have allowed 14 A. since he became B. that he became C. would he become D. did he become 15. Nuclear science should be developed to benefit people _ harm them. A. more than B. rather than C. other than D. better than 科目代 码：246 科目 名称 ： 英语 第2 页 共 5 页 16. This rock has to be _ in order to build a road. A. blasted B. explored C. hired D. maintained 17. When they returned to the river, they found that the boat had _ away. A. framed B. frosted C. frowned D. floated keep from punishing the child, you will spoil its character. A. rule B. spare C. clap D. rug 19. After people have learned that magnets attract things, centuries passed _ they took note of the fact that magnets sometimes also repel things. A. before B. until C. after D. since 20. In that country, students will be _ admittance to their classroom if they are not properly dressed. A. declined B. deprived C. denied D. deserted II. Reading Comprehension (30 points) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice. Passage 1 A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than to read it out of a book and, if a parent can produce an improvement on the printed text, so much the better. A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. On the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having been told the story on only one occasion. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered. There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc. do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was. 21. The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is _. A. repeated without variation B. treated with reverence C. adapted by the parent D. set in the past 22. _. A. acute B. authentic C. apparent D. artificial 23. According to the passage, great fear can be stimulated in a child when a story is _. A. filled with excitement B. heard only once C. repeated too often D. read out of a book 24. According to the passage, the advantage claimed for repeating fairy stories to young children is that it 科目代 码：246 科目 名称 ： 英语 第3 页 共 5 页 _. A. makes them come to terms with their fears B. develops their power of memory C. convinces them there is something to be afraid of D. encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs 25. ant to suggest that _. A. fairy stories are still being vividly made up B. children do not easily accept fairy tales as they are C. people try their best to modernize old fairy stories D. there is more concern for children's fears nowadays Passage 2 Psychologists have found that privately made confidential resolutions are rarely followed, whereas a public commitment to achieve some goal, such as losing weight or giving up smoking is likely to be much more effective. This is because the approval of others for doing something desirable is valued. In contrast, disapproval for failure can lead to feelings of shame. Advertising agencies have designed studies bearing out the truth of this observation. In this research, a group of strangers was bombarded with information about the qualities of a particular product. They were then asked to either announce out loud or write down privately whether they intended to buy the product. It was later discovered that those who publicly declared their intention to buy were considerably more likely to do so than those who affirmed their intentions in private. In another study, an experimenter claiming to represent a local utility company interviewed house owners telling them he was investigating ways in which energy consumption could be reduced. Half the subjects, randomly selected, were told that if they agreed to conserve energy their names would be mentioned in an article published in the local newspaper; the remaining half were told their names would not be used. All those interviewed agreed to cooperate and signed a form either giving consent for their names to be used or stating that their names would not be used. Later in the year, the amount of gas consumed in each house was recorded. The owners who had agreed to their names being published had used significantly less gas than those who remained anonymous. 26. It can be inferred that all of the following help motivate a person to achieve a goal EXCEPT_. A. a desire for approval B. a fear of disapproval C. a fear of failure D. a sense of non-commitment 27. Why were advertising agencies interested in conducting their study? A. They wanted to introduce a new way of promoting products. B. They wanted to demonstrate the quality of their products. C. They wanted to know if people intended to purchase their products. D. They wanted to find the best way to get people to buy their products. 28. According to the passage, the anonymous subjects in the energy-consumption experiment A. B. ign a form C. D. 29. How did the experimenter find out the amount of gas the subjects used? A. By recording the amount of gas used B. By stating the amount of gas in the contract C. By publishing the amount of gas consumed in each house D. By giving people a limited amount of gas to use 科目代 码：246 科目 名称 ： 英语 第4 页 共 5 页 30. This passage supports which of the following conclusions? A. Commitments made in private are more likely to fail. B. Disapproval for failure makes people less willing to make public commitments. C. Intentions affirmed in private are more effective than those published in newspapers. D. Well-informed people are more likely to publicly declare their intentions. Passage 3 The danger of misinterpretation is greatest, of course, among speakers who actually speak different native tongues, or come from different cultural backgrounds, because cultural difference necessarily implies different assumptions about natural and obvious ways to be polite. Anthropologist Thomas Kochman gives the example of a white office worker who appeared with a bandaged arm and felt rejected because her black fellow worker didn t mention it. The doubly wounded worker assumed that her silent colleague didn t notice or didn t care. But the co-worker was purposely not calling attention to something her colleague might not want to talk about. She let her decide whether or not to mention it, being considerate by not imposing. Kochman says, based on his research, that these differences reflect recognizable black and white styles. An American woman visiting England was repeatedly offended even, on bad days, enraged when the British ignored her in setting in which she thought they should pay attention. For example, she was sitting at a booth in a railway-station cafeteria. A couple began to settle into the opposite seat in the same booth. They unloaded their luggage; they laid their coats on the seat; he asked what she would like to eat and went off to get it; she slid into the booth facing the American. And throughout all this, they showed no sign of having noticed that someone was already sitting in the booth. When the British woman lit up a cigarette, the American had a concrete object for her anger. She began ostentatiously looking around for another table to move to. Of course there was none; that s why the British couple had sat in her booth in the first place. The smoker immediately crushed out her cigarette and apologized. This showed that she had noticed that someone else was sitting in the booth, and that she was not inclined to disturb her. But then she went back to pretending the American wasn t there, a ruse in which her husband collaborated when he returned with their food and they ate it. To the American, politeness requires talk between strangers forced to share a booth in a cafeteria, if only a fleeting Do you mind if I sit down? or a conventional, Is anyone sitting here? even if it s obvious no one is. The omission of such talk seemed to her like dreadful rudeness. The American couldn t see that another system of politeness was at work. By not acknowledging her presence, the British couple freed her from the obligation to acknowledge theirs. The American expected a show of involvement; they were being polite by not imposing. An American man who had lived for years in Japan explained a similar politeness ethic. He lived, as many Japanese do, in extremely close quarters a tiny room separated from neighboring rooms by paper-thin walls. In this case the walls were literally made of paper. In order to preserve privacy in this most un-private situation, his Japanese neighbor with the door open, they steadfastly glued their gaze ahead as if they were alone in a desert. The American confessed to feeling what I believe most American would feel if a next-door neighbor passed within a few feet without acknowledging their presence snubbed. But he realized that the intention was not rudeness by omitting to show involvement, but politeness by not imposing. The fate of the earth depends on cross-cultural communication. Nations must reach agreements, and agreements are made by individual representatives of nations sitting down and talking to each other public analogues of private conversation. The processes are the same, and so are the pitfalls. Only the possible consequences are more extreme. 31. In Thomas Kochman s example, when the white office worker appeared with a bandaged arm, why did her colleague keep silent? A. Because she didn t care about her white colleague at all. 科目代 码：246 科目 名称 ： 英语 第5 页 共 5 页 B. Because she was considerate by imposing on her. C. Because she didn t want to embarrass her white colleague. D. Because she was aware of their different cultural backgrounds. 32. What is the best definition for the word imposing in paragraph 2? A. Unreasonably expecting someone to do something. B. Using your authority to make sure a rule is kept. C. Acting in a grand, impressive way. D. Causing troubles to oneself. 33. Which of the following can be concluded from the passage? A. The British would like to avoid talking to strangers in public. B. The American would like to be imposed in different settings. C. The British expect a small talk between strangers who are forced to share a booth in a cafeteria. D. The American enjoy being ignored in unf