1 青岛大学 2016 年硕士研究生入学考试试题 科目代码： 622 科目名称： 基础英语（ 2） （共 12 页） 请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效 Part I. Cloze (20 points) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Promptness is important in American business, academic, and social settings. The 1 of punctuality is taught to young children in school. The use of bells 2 to the child that punctuality and time itself are to be 3 . People who 4 appointments are considered 5 . If people are late to job interviews, appointments or classes, they are often 6 as unreliable and irresponsible. In the business world, “time is money” and companies may fine their 7 for being late to business meetings. Of course, it is not 8 possible to be punctual. Social and business etiquette also provide 9 for late arrivals. Calling on the telephone if one is going to be more than a few minutes late for 10 appointments is considered polite and is often expected. Keeping a friend waiting 11 ten to twenty minutes is considered rude. On the 12 hand, arriving thirty minutes late to some parties is 13 . Respecting deadlines is also important in academic and professional 14 . It is expected that deadlines for class 15 or business reports will be met. Students who hand 16 assignments late may be 17 to find that the professor will lower their 18 or even refuse to grade their work. 19 it is a question of arriving on time or of meeting a deadline, people are culturally 20 to regulate time. 1. A) sense B) importance C) influence D) meaning 2. A) symbolize B) signal C) sign D) reflect 3. A) awed B) loved C) respected D) devoted 4. A) do B) leave C) make D) keep 2 5. A) dependable B) independent C) dependent D) undependable 6. A) watched B) observed C) looked D) viewed 7. A) executives B) leaders C) chiefs D) presidents 8. A) often B) frequently C) always D) usually 9. A) rules B) theories C) orders D) laws 10. A) programmed B) planned C) scheduled D) projected 11. A) past B) more C) beyond D) about 12. A) another B) other C) each D) one 13. A) acceptable B) available C) accessible D) adaptable 14. A) circles B) grounds C) fields D) rounds 15. A) works B) duties C) assignments D) responsibilities 16. A) out B) over C) from D) in 17. A) astonished B) surprised C) astounded D) amazed 18. A) figures B) levels C) numbers D) grades 19. A) How B) When C) Where D) Whether 20. A) restricted B) conditioned C) surrounded D) termed Part II. Reading Comprehension (40 points) Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Passage One What is there to write about in todays column, other than the barbaric attacks of those heartless terrorists that took place 11 years ago today? Thousands of people in New Jersey, NYC and the District of Columbia started their morning on that day in their usual manner, but since then things have never been the same, for them and for the rest of the world. In cold blood, fewer than 20 men rocked the boat globally through their unjustifiable, despicable（卑劣的） and treacherous（奸诈的） actions. Many innocent lives perished during these attacks. Every anniversary of this tragic day, I make a habit to set aside a substantial amount of time for myself and pray. My immediate prayers always go for the victims of these brutal attacks. I pray for those who died, and I pray even harder for their loved ones. I try to empathize（神会） with the pain and 3 grief they must have felt on that day and since then. I can only imagine the terror in the hearts and minds of those people who heard the news of the attacks and desperately tried to contact their loved ones in Manhattan and Washington D.C. In the early hours of that horrific day, I can only imagine the pain of those who in panic were waiting to hear from a spouse, father, mother, son, daughter, relative or a friend who will never come home. I can picture the flowing tears of those who finally received the heart-wrenching news of their loved ones but can only imagine their state of mind, how their thoughts sunk into deep sorrow. As I pray, I wonder: what do these people do every September 11? How do they hold it together? I bring up these wounded souls in my thoughts and prayers and pray for strength, recovery and healing for them. I pray that as a nation we will never fall short to hold these people and support them in any way that we can, as we remember them in our thoughts and prayers. I pray that their stories will not be stolen from them. I hope and pray that we will not pour salt into their bleeding wounds, abusing their memories by using them to score political points and/or to advance our own agenda. Many immediate relatives of the victims told me personally that seeing 9/11 misused to justify all sorts of non-worthy and cheap things deeply hurt them and increased their pain. 21. The phrase “rock the boat” in the sentence “in cold blood, fewer than 20 men rocked the boat globally through their unjustifiable, despicable and treacherous actions” (Paragraph 1) means _. A) to spoil the good or comfortable situation B) to get into difficulties C) to face the same dangers D) to make a special effort 22. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of this passage? A) The writer looks back on how peoples work and their lives were changed after those reprehensible attacks 11 years ago. B) The writer sets aside time to pray every September 11. C) The writer calls on people to fight against terrorism. D) The writer recalls how people survived during those attacks. 23. The phrase “fall short” in “I pray that as a nation we will never fall short 4 to hold these people and support them in any way that we can, as we remember them in our thoughts and prayers” (Paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to _. A) succeed B) manage C) resolve D) fail 24. Why does the writer “pray that their stories will not be stolen from them” (Paragraph 3)? A) Because they are not allowed to tell their stories B) Because their stories are used to score political points. C) Because their stories are not paid for. D) Because their stories are sold cheap. 25. Which of the following can be the most suitable title for the passage? A) Personal Reflections on September 11: A Year Later B) September 11: Perspectives from the Field of Charity C) September 11: Ten Years D) Prayerful Reflections on September 11 Passage Two Most hungry people live in countries that have food surpluses rather than deficits. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), we are already producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to provide everyone in the world with an adequate and nutritious diet, yet one in seven people is suffering from hunger. Rather than growing food to meet the needs of local communities for a healthy, diverse diet, industrial agriculture produces crops to sell on world markets. While world crop production has tripled since the 1950s, more people go hungry now than 20 years ago. Small family farmers are driven off their land and local people cannot afford to buy what is grown. Too often, the result is a downward spiral of environmental destruction, poverty and hunger. Food security will not be achieved by technical fixes, like genetic engineering (GE). People who need to eat need access to land on which to grow food or money with which to buy food. Technological “solutions” like GE mask the real social, political, economic and environmental problems 5 responsible for hunger. The case of Argentina, the number two producer of GE crops in the world and the only developing country growing GE food crops on a large commercial scale, shows that GE does not lead to an increase in food security. Millions of tons of GE soya are exported every year from Argentina for cattle feed, while millions of Argentineans go hungry. Hunger and malnutrition are a direct result of a lack of access to, or exclusion from, productive resources, such as land, the forests, the seas, water, seeds, technology and credit. Seventy-five percent of the worlds hungry people are politically marginalized ones who live in rural areas. An example of the grossly unequal distribution of land that directly contributes to hunger: in Latin America, 80 percent of agricultural land is in the hands of 20 percent of the farmers; the other 20 percent of the land is in the hands of the remaining 80 percent. The current agricultural trade regime puts the South in an impossible situation. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) annual state subsidies of their national agricultural sectors exceed Sub-Saharan Africas entire Gross Domestic Product. Subsidized exports, artificially low prices and WTO legalized dumping by the rich countries characterize the current unfair model of agricultural trade faced by poor countries. Research often neglects the development of agricultural techniques that reduce the inputs needed and that are easy to control. Agricultural research at international and national levels is highly orientated towards industrial agriculture. GE crops have delivered record agricultural exports but the environmental and social price is both unacceptable and unsustainable. Livelihoods have been destroyed, hunger has increased and the environment is being badly damaged. 26. _ gives rise to hunger in most circumstances. A) Inadequate food production B) Insufficient farming land C) Little access to resources D) Innutritious diet 6 27. Which of the following is TRUE about GE crops? A) GE crops can solve the problem of hunger. B) The production of GE crops enables more Argentineans to live a better life. C) GE crops have been proven to be environmentally friendly. D) Technology involved in GE crops fails to solve the problems responsible for hunger. 28. The word “regime” in “agricultural trade regime” (Paragraph 6) probably means _. A) system B) sector C) model D) finance 29. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the current model of agricultural trade faced by poor countries? A) Subsidized exports. B) Low price of their produce. C) Large-scaled growing of GE crops. D) Dumping by rich countries. 30. Which of the following is NOT true? A) Industrial agriculture has driven small family farmers off their land. B) With the development of agricultural techniques, fewer people go hungry now than 20 years ago. C) Underprivileged rural people account for three quarters of those who suffer from hunger around the world. D) The WTO unfairly put poor countries at a disadvantage. Passage Three Efforts to educate people about the risks of substance abuse seem to deter some people from using dangerous substances, if such efforts are realistic about what is genuinely dangerous and what is not. Observed declines in the use of such drugs as LSD, PCP, and Quaaludes since the early 1970s are probably related to increased awareness of the risks of their use, and some of this awareness was the result of warnings about these drugs in “underground” 7 papers read by drug users. Such sources are influential, because they do not give a simple “all drugs are terrible for you” message. Drug users know there are big variations in danger among drugs and anti-drug education that ignores or denies this is likely to be ridiculed. This is illustrated by the popularity among young marijuana users of Reefer Madness, a widely unrealistic propaganda film against marijuana made in the 1930s. This film made the rounds of college campuses in the 1970s and joined rock-music videos on cable televisions MTV in the l980s. Instead of deterring marijuana, it became a cult film among users, many of whom got high to watch it. Although persuasion can work for some people if it is balanced and reasonable, other people seem immune to the most reasoned educational efforts. Millions have started smoking even though the considerable health risks of smoking have been well known and publicized for years. Moreover, the usefulness of education lies in primary prevention: prevention of abuse among those who presently have no problem. Hence, Bomiers (1978) contention that “if the Pepsi generation can be persuaded to drink pop wine, they can be persuaded not to drink it while driving” is probably not correct, since most drunken driving is done by people who already have significant drinking problems, and hence seem not to be dissuaded even by much stronger measures such as loss of a drivers license. 31. According to the passage, up to now, anti-drug education _. A. has made all people see the danger of drugs B. has succeeded in dissuading people from using drugs C. has been effective only to a certain degree D. has proved to be a total failure 32. The film Reefer Madness mentioned in the passage _. A. effectively deterred marijuana use B. was rejected by young marijuana users C. did not picture the danger of marijuana realistically D. was welcomed by marijuana users because it told them how to get high 33. The message “all drugs are terrible for you” is not influential because _. A. it ignores the fact that drugs vary greatly in danger B. it gives a false account of the risks of drag use 8 C. some drugs are good for health D. it does not appear in underground papers 34. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Even balanced and reasonable anti-drug persuasion is influential only to some people. B. Most drug users are ignorant of the danger of drugs. C. Punishments such as loss of a drivers license do not seem to be an effective way to stop drunken driving. D. Primary prevention is a useful principle to be followed in anti-drug education. 35. The best title for the passage would be _. A. Are All Drugs Terrible for You? B. Do People Believe What Underground Papers Say? C. Is There an Increased Awareness of the Risks of Drugs? D. Can Persuasion Reduce Drug Abuse? Passage Four Sociology is defined as the study of human groups. In the broadest sense, sociology is concerned with understanding patterns of human relationships, their causes and their effects. Unlike psychology, sociology does not attempt to explain the behavior of a particular individual under certain circumstances. Rather, sociology focuses on social trends or other influences that affect whole groups or categories of people. Thus, while a psychologist might counsel an individual who feels worthless after retiring from a long and successful career, a sociologist would be more likely to examine societal attitudes that may contribute to the loss of self-esteem experienced by many retired people in our society. Th