共12页 第 1页 电子科技大学 2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 考试科目：244 英语(二外 仅日语方向) 注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (40%) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Certain animals and plants develop characteristics that help them cope with their environment better than others of their kind. This natural biological process is called adaptation. Among the superior characteristics developed through adaptation are those that may help in getting food or shelter, in providing protection, and in producing and protecting the young. That results in the evolution of more and more organisms that are better fitted to their environments. Each living thing is adapted to its way of life in a general way, but each is adapted especially to its own distinct class. A plant, for example, depends upon its roots to fix itself firmly and to absorb water and inorganic chemicals. It depends upon its green leaves for using the sun's energy to make food from inorganic chemicals. These are general adaptations, common to most plants. In addition, there are special adaptations that only certain kinds of plants have. Many animals have adaptations that help them escape from their enemies. Some insects are hidden by their body color or shape, and many look like a leaf or a little branch. The coats of deer are colored to mix with the surroundings. Many animals have the ability to remain completely still when an enemy is near. Organisms have a great variety of ways of adapting. They may adapt in their structure, function, and genetics; in their development and production of the young; and in other respects. An organism may create its own environment, as do warm-blooded mammals, which have the ability to adjust body heat exactly to maintain their ideal temperature despite changing weather. Usually adaptations are an advantage, but sometimes an organism is so well adapted to a particular environment that if conditions change, it finds it difficult or impossible to readapt to the new conditions. 1. Some plants and animals develop superior characteristics so that they may A) help others of their kind get food, shelter and other things needed. 共12页 第 2页 B) survive even in extremely severe conditions. C) become better adapted to the environments than others of their kind. D) result in the evolution and production of more intelligent organisms. 2. In the first paragraph, the word “environments“ could best be replaced by A) contexts. B) surroundings. C) neighbors. D) enemies. 3. It can be inferred from this passage that the feathers of a bird are colored A) to frighten its enemies. B) to attract its enemies. C) to adjust its body heat. D) to match its environment 4. Which of the following is not directly mentioned in the passage? A) A living thing may adapt in its structure. B) An organism may adapt in its function. C) A living creature may adapt in its genetic makeup. D) A living organism may adapt in its sleeping habit. 5. The author cites the behavior of warm-blooded mammals in order to that a living thing may have the ability_. A) to create an environment of its own. B) to remain still when an enemy is near. C) to make food from inorganic chemicals. D) to change the color of its skin. Passage Two Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. A small piece of fish each day may keep the heart doctor away. That's the finding of an extensive study of Dutch men in which deaths from heart disease were more than 50 percent lower among those who consumed at least an ounce of salt water fish per day than those who never ate fish. The Dutch research is one of three human studies that give strong scientific backing to the long-held belief that eating fish can provide health benefits, particularly to the heart. Heart disease is the number-one killer in the United States, with more than 550,000 deaths occurring from heart attacks each year. But researchers previously have noticed that the incidence of heart disease is lower in cultures that consume more fish than Americans do. There are fewer heart 共12页 第 3页 disease deaths, for example, among the Eskimos of Greenland, who consume about 14 ounces of fish a day, and among the Japanese, whose daily fish consumption averages more than 3 ounces. For 20 years, the Dutch study followed 852 middle-aged men, 20 percent of whom ate no fish. At the start of the study, the average fish consumption was about two-thirds of an ounce each day with more men eating lean (瘦的) fish than fatty fish. During the next two decades, 78 of the men died from heart disease. The fewest deaths were among the group who regularly ate fish, even at levels far lower than those of the Japanese or Eskimos. This relationship was true regardless of other factors such as age, high blood pressure, or blood cholesterol ( 胆固醇) levels. 6. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A The Dutch research has proved that eating fish can help to prevent heart disease. B Heart doctors won't call your house so long as you keep eating fish each day. C Among all the diseases heart disease is the most dangerous in America. D There is a low incidence of heart disease in such countries as Japan and Greenland. 7. The phrase “this relationship“ (in Line 5, Para. 4) refers to the connection between_ and the incidence of heart disease. A the amount of fish eaten B regular fish-eating C the kind of fish eaten D people of different regions 8. The passage is mainly about _. A the high incidence of heart disease in some countries B the effect of fish eating on people's health C the changes in people's diet D the daily fish consumption of people in different cultures 9. Why is heart disease the most dangerous killer in the United States? A Because American people drink too much spirits. B Because there are a great number of fat people there. C The author doesn't give a definite answer. D Because American people eat too much fatty fish. 10. How many lives could probably be saved each year in the United States by eating fifth according to the Dutch study? A 550,000. B 275,000. C 110,000. D 852. Passage Three Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Being assertive (果断) is being able to communicate with other people clearly. If you felt that you had expressed what was important to you and allowed the oilier person to respond in their own way then, regardless of the final outcome, you behaved assertively. It is important to remember that 共12页 第 4页 being assertive refers to a way of coping with confrontations (对抗). It does not mean getting your own way every time or winning some battle of wits against another person. In practice assertive behaviour is usually most likely to produce a result which is generally acceptable to all concerned, without anyone feeling that they have been unfairly treated. Assertiveness is often wrongly confused with aggression (侵犯行为). An aggressive confrontation is when one or both parties attempt to put forward their feelings and beliefs at the expense of others. In an assertive confrontation, however, each party stands up for their personal rights, but each shows respect and understanding for the other's viewpoint. The reason why assertiveness may not come naturally is that we often tend to believe that we must talk around a subject rather than be direct, or that we must offer excuses or justifications for our actions. In fact we all have a right to use assertive behaviour in a variety of situations. We are often schooled early in life to believe that sometimes our own need to express ourselves must take secondary place. For example, in dealing with those in privileged positions such as specialists, we often feel that speaking assertively is, in some way, “breaking the rules“. Everybody has certain basic human rights, but often we feel guilty about exercising them. 11. According to the passage, an assertive person _. A makes other people feel unfairly treated B puts forward his ideas at the expense of others C does not show respect to other people D speaks out what he wants to say forcefully 12. Which of the following is NOT the reason that many people prefer not to be assertive? A They would rather be aggressive than be assertive. B It's often better to give people hints than to be straightforward. C Their needs to express themselves take secondary place before important persons. D They tend to give excuses and justifications for their actions. 13. The last word of the passage “them“ refers to _. A rules B actions C personal rights D privileged positions 14. According to the passage, one should not only express himself clearly and directly, but also A make other people accept his ideas B be careful with his manner C allow others to speak in their own way Dwatch other people's response 15. In this passage, the author intends to encourage people to _. A fight for their personal rights B be aggressive when they talk to others C assert themselves regardless of whether others suffer or not D be assertive at any time 共12页 第 5页 Passage Four Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?“ the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God,“ came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.“ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 16. To make your humor work, you should_ A take advantage of different kinds of audience. B make fun of the disorganized people. C address different problems to different people. D show sympathy for your listeners. 17. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are _ A impolite to new arrivals. B very conscious of their godlike role. C entitled to some privileges. D very busy even during lunch hours. 共12页 第 6页 18. It can be inferred from the text that public services _ A have benefited many people. B are the focus of public attention. C are an inappropriate subject for humor. D have often been the laughing stock. 19. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered _ A in well-worded language. B as awkwardly as possible. C in exaggerated statements. D as casually as possible. 20. The best title for the text may be_ A Use Humor Effectively. B Various Kinds of Humor. C Add Humor to Speech. D Different Humor Strategies. Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%) Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one that can best complete the sentence and then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 21. The waste pipe is blocked; try _ it out with hot water. A) rushing B) brushing C) crushing D) flushing 22. His actions do not _ to his words. A) respond B) consist C) correspond D) accord 23. He _ satisfaction from helping people in trouble. A) derides B) derives C) deviates D)detaches 24. There is a shift in_ from a womans view to a mans view. A) prospective B) prospectus C) prosperous D) perspective 25. I _ on a book with him. He help me a lot with collecting materials. A) cooperate B) operate C) collate D) collaborate 26. She is the _ survivor of the air crash. A) alone B) unique C) single D) sole 共12页 第 7页 27. Both Bach and Beethoven wrote _ music. A) classical B) classic C) class D) classics 28. Physical attractiveness is not an important _ in some peoples opinion. A) ascribe B) attribute C) tribute D) trains 29. They came up with a(n) _ way of preventing cheating in exams. A) ingenue B) ingenuous C) ingenious D) genius 30. The school dining room_ as a meeting place for teachers and students. A) uses B) utilizes C) functions D) exerts 31. The Minister of Finance stresses that the quality of goods, _ the quantity of production, is the key to improving the nations economy. A) other than B) rather than C) more than D) better than 32. If people are not held responsible for their actions when they are drunk, then we _forgive drunken drivers A) may well as B) had better C) might as well D) would rather 33. He might have been dead _ the arrival of the doctors. A) but for B) except for C) with D) on 34. These areas rely on agriculture almost _, having few mineral resources and a minimum of industrial develop