长春理工大学外国语言文学专业研究生入学考试大纲英语方向考试大纲总体说明：考试时间均为 180 分钟，考试形式闭卷。 251 二外日语或 252 二外俄语或 253 二外法语；612 英语实践； 821 语言学与英美概况或 822 语言学与英美文学。612 英语实践考试大纲一、考试目的：考察学生英语基础知识包括文字、词汇、阅读理解、文章分析和翻译、写作等方面的水平和语言综合运用能力。二、考试要求：1、能阅读较高难度的英语文章，并能把握文章中的关键词和中心思想，能概括出全文主旨；2、具备较高文章的翻译水平；3、能根据要求写出语言准确、表达得体，具有一定思想深度的文章。、考试题型及考试内容：本考试客观试题与主观试题相结合、单项技能测试与综合技能相结合。第一大题：词汇 本题为词汇题。词汇量要求为 8000-10000。主要考察词汇的辨认、辨析与搭配、近义词等等，题型为四选一。第二大题：阅读理解旨在测试考生语篇水平上的综和理解能力，获取信息的能力，概括与推理判断的能力，阅读速度以及语言的实际运用能力。阅读材料题材广泛，包括社会，文化，科普，史地，日常生活，人物传记等内容；体裁多样，包括叙事，议论，描述，说明文体等；文章为英语专业八级考试难度。第三大题：完型填空 本题综合考查语法、词汇和篇章知识，共 20 道小题。要求考生根据所给选项在短文的 20 个空白处选择正确选项，使之形成一篇完整的文章。第四大题：翻译包括英译汉和汉译英。选材多为考生比较熟悉的文化、教育、社会、政治、科技等方面的文章，也可以是文学作品或一般文章，不涉及非常专业化的内容。评分办法为总体印象评分法，根据译文忠实原文的程度和流畅性给出一个总分。第五大题：英语作文 本题要求考生就给出的作文题目写一篇 300 字左右的英语作文，作文的形式为论说文，不能写成小说或诗歌。评分办法为总体评分法，内容和语言综合考虑。821 语言学与英美概况或 822 语言学与英美文学考试大纲第一部分：英语语言学一、考试目的：考察学生英语语言学的基本理论知识和对英语及其它语言中一些语言现象的分析能力。二、考试要求：1. 熟悉语言学的基本概念和基本理论;2. 具备运用相关理论分析语言现象的基本能力;三、考试题型与考试内容:本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合的方法，包括填空、单选、名词解释、分析题、简答题考试内容：（供参考）1. IntroductionDefinition of language; properties and design features of language; definition of linguistics; scope of linguistics; some important distinctions in linguistics: traditional vs modern linguistics; descriptive vs prescriptive grammar; langue vs parole; competence vs performance; synchronic vs diachronic linguistics; speech vs writing; functions of language(s).2. Phonetics and PhonologyDefinition of phonetics; organs of speech; place and manners of articulation; broad and narrow transcriptions; classification of English vowels and consonants; definition of phonology; phone, phoneme, and allophone; phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, distinctive features; minimal pair and sets; some rules in phonology like sequential rules, assimilation rules, and deletion rules; suprasegmental features.3. MorphologyDefinition of morphology; free and bound morphemes; derivational vs and inflectional morphones; morphological rules; morphs and allomorphs; ways of word-formation.4. SyntaxWord classes; paradigmatic relation and syntagmatic relation; immediate constituent analysis; endocentric construction and exocentric construction; transformational generative grammar; systemic functional grammar; labeled and bracketed sentences; syntactic movement and movement rules; general principles and parameters of Universal Grammar; deep and surface structure; recursiveness; labeled tree diagrams.5. SemanticsDefinition of semantics; some views concerning the study of meaning; semantic triangle; sense and reference; seven types of meaning; semantic field; major sense relations of words; major sense relations of sentences; componential analysis; predication analysis.6. PragmaticsDefinition of pragmatics; context; sentence meaning versus utterance meaning; speech act theory; principles of conversation; cooperative principle and its maxims; conversational implicatures; politeness principle; deixis; conversational analysis.7. Socio-linguistics / Language and SocietySpeech community and speech variety; regional and social dialects; idiolect; register; standard and non-standard language; lingua franca, pidgins, and creoles; diglossia and bilingualism; slang, linguistic taboo, and euphemism; code switching.8. Language and CultureRelationship of language and culture; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; understanding the relationship between language and thought.9. Historical LinguisticsThe purpose and significance of historical linguistics; the nature and causes of language change; major periods in the history of English; linguistic change of English; language family10. First and Second Language AcquisitionLanguage learning and language acquisition; the stages of first language acquisition; language transfer; interlanguage and fossilization; contrastive analysis, error analysis; comprehensive input; critical period hypothesis; individual learner factors 四、参考书目: 1.新编简明英语语言学教程(第二版)，戴炜栋，上海：上海外语教育出版社。第二部分：“英美概况”一、考试目的：考察学生的综合人文素质及语言使用情况。二、 考试要求：要求考生掌握英美国家的基本概况，包括地理、历史、社会、政治经济、文化传统及语言的使用等诸方面的情况。三、考试题型和考试内容1填空题：本题一般针对英美国家概况中的知识点，主要考察考生对英美国家的社会、历史、政治、经济、文化等方面的常识的把握情况。2名词解释：本题考察考生对英美国家概况中的重要历史事件、重要运动、重要概念等方面的准确把握。3简答题：要求考生对英美国家的政治制度、历史发展或者社会变革等方面的重要问题进行阐述。考试内容（供参考）BritainSection One The Country and the People1. Full name and four countries of Britain. 2. Topography of Britain: highland zone and lowland zone2.1 The highest point: Ben Nevis 2.2 The Backbone of England: The Pennines 3. Climate and Weather3.1 Mild and changeable3.2 Factors influencing climate and weather4. Inland Water4.1 Thames River4.2 Lake District5. People and languages: 5.1 the native Celts, Celtic language5.2 Anglo-Saxons, English. 5.3 The development of English: three major periods (Old English, Middle English, Modern English)6. Religion6.1 The Holy Bible: Old Testament, New Testament6.2 Established churches: Church of England (Anglican Church) and Church of Scotland (Presbyterian)Section Two The British Government1. Constitutional monarchy: the monarch reigns, but does not rule.2. The Monarch2.1 Function of the monarch2.2 Significance of the monarch2.3 Royal palaces3. Parliament: legislative branch3.1 The structure of the Parliament The House of Lords and noble titlesThe House of Commons3.2 The function of the Parliament4. The government: executive branch4.1 Parliamentary government 4.2 Three-tier system of the British government Section Three Politics and Law1. Two-party system1.1 Conservative party1.2 Labor party2. Elections: parliamentary election3. Elements of the British law4. Legal profession: barristers and solicitorsSection Four National economy and Cities 1. Economic system and structure2. British Disease and Thatchers prescription3. Main industries in Britain4. The capital city of Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland Section Five cultural and Social Life1. Class structure: upper, middle and working class2. Newspaper in Britain: quality paper and tabloid paper3. Education: 3.1 Compulsory education 3.2 Secondary education: public schools, grammar schools, secondary modern schools and comprehensive secondary schools3.3 GCSE and A Level 3.4 Higher education: Oxbridge, Open University 4. Britain as a welfare state (from-cradle-to-grave social welfare program)4.1 NHS4.2 Social security program4.3 Personal social serviceHistory 1. Origin of the English Nation1.1 The native Celts: Stonehenge & Celtic language1.2 The Roman invasion1.3 The Anglo-Saxons Conquest: Heptarchy 1.4 The Norman Conquest (1066)2. The Great Charter and Beginning of Parliament2.1 Henry IIs Reforms: The Reform of Administration and Justice2.2 King John and the Great Charter2.3 Beginning of Parliament3. Decline of Feudalism in England3.1 The Hundred Years War.3.2 The Black Death3.3 The peasant uprising3.4 The Wars of the Roses4. The Tudor Monarchy and the Rising Bourgeoisie 4.1 Henry VIII and reform of the church4.2 Golden age of Elizabeth I4.3 Renaissance5Bourgeois Revolution5.1 James I: Gunpowder plot, King James Bible, Jamestown, Mayflower Journey5.2 Charles I: the short Parliament and the long Parliament5.3 Cromwell: New Model Army, Lord Protector5.4 Glorious Revolution in 16886. The Industrial Revolution and Chartist Movement6.1 Background of the Industrial Revolution: 6.2 Process of the Industrial Revolution6.3 Influence of the Industrial Revolution6.4 The Chartist Movement6.5 Victoria Age7. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire7.1 Foreign expansion7.2 British empire7.3 British CommonwealthAmericaSection One The United States and Its Natural Conditions1. Names and position2. Topography: the Appalachians & the Rockies 3. Rivers and lakesMississippi RiverRio Grande RiverPotomac RiverThe Great LakesSection Two American People1. The composition of the population2. The Indians3. Immigration into America4. Melting pot & MosaicSection Three Government and Politics1. Three government principles2. Separation of power2.1 The legislative branchMain functions of CongressThe Senate The House of Representatives 2.2. The executive branchPowers of the U.S. presidentGeneral election: the winner-gets-all policy2.3. The judicial branch3. comment on check and balance system Section Four National Economy1. Factors contributing to the development of American industries2. Economic system3. Types of businesses4. Main industriesSection Five Culture and Holidays1. Traditional American values and beliefs 2. Holidays and Festivals3. American education4. Social welfareHistorySection One Native Indians and the Thirteen English-American Colonies1. Contribution of Christopher Columbus2. Founding of coloniesthree kinds of coloniesJamestown in 1607Plymouth in 1620Mayflower CompactSection Two The War of Independence1. Causes and consequences of the French and Indian War2. The First Continental Congress3. The Second Continental Congress 4. Contents and significance of the Declaration of IndependenceSection Three Founding of the American Constitution and the Washington Administration1. The Constitutional Convention2. The American Constitution3. The Bill of RightsSection Four America During the First Half of the 19th Century-an Era of Expansion1.Contributions made by Thomas Jefferson2.Causes and effects of the Second War with England3.Causes and effects of the Mexican WarSection Five The Civil War1. Conflicts arising from the slavery2. Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation 3. Effects of the Civil WarSection Six The United States After the Civil War1. Situation after the Civil War2. Monopoly businesses3. Social Reforms 4. The war with SpainSection Seven America During and After World War I1. Americas entry into the First World War2. New Culture3. The Lost Generation4. The Great Depression5. New DealSection Eight America During and After World War II1. Americas entry into the War2. Cold War3. Beat Generation4. Vietnam War5. War against terrorism四、参考书目：新编英美概况 ， 来安方，郑州：河南人民出版社。第二部分 英美文学一、考试目的：考察学生英美文学基本理论、知识的掌握和对英美文学作品的分析能力。二、考试要求：1掌握英美文学基本知识，包括英美文学流派、思潮、作家作品等。2具备根据所学的英美文学基本理论知识对特定选文的写作风格、思想内容等 进行初步分析的能力。三、考试题型和考试内容：考试题型：客观试题与主观试题相结合，包括术语概念解释、填空、选择、简答问题、专题评论、实例分析等。考试内容：（供参考）英美文学考试内容包括英国文学和美国文学两部分：1英国文学部分：（1）早期和中古时期英国文学：了解古英语时期、盎格鲁-萨克逊时期和诺曼底侵略后的英国文学产生的历史、文化背景，理解该时期文学创作的基本特征，掌握该时期重要的文学作品及乔叟的创作思想、艺术特色和代表作品。（2）文艺复兴时期英国文学：了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮及其产生的历史、文化背景，理解该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，掌握该时期重要作家莎士比亚、培根、马洛、斯宾塞等的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。（3）十七世纪英国文学：了解保皇派作家、玄学派和清教徒作家的历史背景、基本主张，掌握该时期重要作家弥尔顿、班扬、约翰邓恩等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品。（4）启蒙运动时期英国文学：了解启蒙运动、现实主义小说、感伤主义和新古典主义文学流派及其产生的历史背景、主要特征和基本主张，掌握该时期重要作家斯威夫特、笛福、蒲柏、菲尔丁等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品。（5）浪漫主义时期英国文学：了解浪漫主义文学产生的历史、文化背景，理解该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，掌握该时期重要诗人彭斯、布菜克、华滋华斯、科勒律治、拜伦、雪菜、济慈等的诗歌创作思想、艺术风格及代表诗作，小说家斯各特、奥斯汀等的写作特点，艺术特色及代表作品。（6）维多利亚时期英国文学：了解 19 世纪英国的政治、经济、历史、文化背景，理解 19 世纪批判现实主义小说在思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，掌握该时代主要作家狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特姐妹等的艺术特色、创作思想及代表作品。（7）二十世纪英国文学：了解 20 世纪英国的政治、经济、历史、文化背景及其对现代主义文学作品的影响，理解现代主义文学的特色，掌握该时期主要代表作家哈代、萧伯纳、高尔斯华绥、劳伦斯、乔伊斯、伍尔夫等的艺术特色、创作思想及代表作品。2美国文学部分：（1）殖民时期美国文学：了解美国殖民时期文学产生的历史、文化背景，理解该时期文学创作的基本特征，掌握该时期代表作家安妮布拉德斯特里特、爱德华泰勒、托马斯潘恩、本杰明富兰克林、乔纳森爱德华兹等的创作思想、写作风格及代表作品。（2）浪漫主义时期美国文学：了解美国浪漫主义时期文学产生的历史、文化背景，理解美国浪漫主义的定义、特点及其与英国、欧洲浪漫主义运动的异同，掌握该时期主要作家欧文、爱默生、霍桑、惠特曼、梅尔维尔等的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。（3）现实主义时期美国文学：了解美国现实主义文学产生的社会和文化背景，理解地方特色主义和美国自然主义的特点，掌握该时期重要作家马克吐温、亨利詹姆斯、杰克伦敦、西奥多德莱塞等的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品。（4）20 世纪 20 年代美国文学：了解 20 世纪 20 年代美国的历史背景和社会思潮，掌握意象主义及以庞德为代表的意象派诗人的创作思想和诗歌特点，掌握“迷惘的一代”时期特点，以及代表作家菲茨杰拉德、海明威、艾略特等的创作生涯、艺术特色及代表作品分析，掌握南方文艺复兴时期特点，及代表作家福克纳的创作特点、写作风格及代表作品。（5）20 世纪 30 年代美国文学：了解 20 世纪 30 年代美国的历史背景和社会思潮，掌握这一时期主要代表作家帕索斯、斯坦贝克、波特及主要剧作家奥尼尔、米勒、威廉斯等的创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。（6）战后美国文学：了解战后诗歌流派、小说特点及美国黑人文学，理解后现代主义、元小说、自白派诗人、纽约派诗人、垮掉的一代、荒谬派等重要文学流派和术语，掌握该时期重要作家海勒、冯内古特、厄普代克、贝娄、艾里森、莫里森、谭恩美等的创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品。四、参考书目: 美国文学简史 常耀信 南开大学出版社 英国文学简史 刘炳善 上海外语教育出版社