浙江工商大学 2018 年全 国 硕 士 研究生入学考试试卷 （ B） 卷考试科曰 ： 257 英语 （ 二外） 总 分 ： 100 分 考试时间 ： 3 小时Part I Reading Comprehension （每小题 1.5 分 ， 共 45 分 ）D飞 iY龟 ctions: There are 6passages jn tMs sectjon. Each p 部 sage js followed bysome questjons. For each of them thre a币 four clwkes 副 部 ked A), BJ, C), ;md D). rou shouM dedde on the besr choke and wdte the correspondjng Jetter on theAnswer SheetPassage 1For anyone who doubts that the texting revolution is upon us, consider this: The average 13- to 17-year-old sends and receives 3,339 texts a month - more than 100 per day, according to the Nielsen Co., the media research finn. Adults are catching up. People from ages 45 to 54 sent and received 323 texts a month in the second quarter of 2010, up 75% from a year ago, Nielsen says. Behind the texting explosion is a fundamental shift in how we view our mobile devices. That they are phones is increasingly beside the point.Part of whats driving the texting surge 创 nong adults is the popularity of socia1 media. Siteslike Twitter, with postings of no more than 140 characters, are creating and reinforcing the habit of communicating in micro-bursts.Economics has much to do with textings popu larity. Text messages cost carriers less thantraditional mobile voice transmissions , and so they cost users less. Sprint Nextel has reconceived its Virgin Mobile brand to cater to heavy texters in a difficult economy. For $25 per month, users get unlimited texting, email, social networking and 300 talk minutes; for another $15, they get an additional 900 talk minutes. The name of the brand s new wireless plan ： “Beyond Talk.”Textings rise over conversation is changing the way we interact, social scientists and researchers say. We are now inclined to text to relay difficult information. We stare at our phone when we want to avoid eye contact. Rather than make plans in advance, we engage in whatresearch have named “micro峙 coordination 一吁 吁 i txt u in I Omins when I know wh/ restmt.”Texting saves us time, but it steals from quiet reflection . “When people have a mobile device and have even a little extra time, they will communicate with someone in their life， ” says Lee Rainie, director of the Pew Internet and American Life Project.And the phone conversation will never be completely obsolete. Deal makers and other professionals still spend much of the day on the phone. Researchers say people are more likely to use text-based communications at the preliminary stages of projects . The phone comes i nto play when there are multiple options to consider or important decisions to be made.I . At the begi nning of the passage, the author uses figures for the purpose of 一 一 一 .A. introductionC. explanationB. comparisonD. transition2. According to the context, which of the followi ng is closest in meaning to “beside the point“ (L6, para. I )?A. unimportant B. unacknowledgedC. underestimated D. undeniable3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause for textings popularity?A. Promotion of cheaper wireless packages答案写在答题纸上 ， 写 在 试 卷 上 无 效 第 l 页 共 12 页B. saving of money and timeC. Redesign of mobile devicesD. Rise of social media4. According to the passage, texting can help people to 一 一 一 .A. face difficult situationsC. communicate with strangers5. What is the passage mainly about?A. Texting s populaiity 出 d effectB. Role of texting in businessC. Preference to texting over thinkingD. Innovation of mobile devicesB. make appointments in advanceD. avoid awkward situationsPassage 2Navigation computers, now sold by most car-makers, cost $2,000 and up. No su叩 rise, then, that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But it is a developing technology-meaning prices should eventually drop and the market does seem to be growing.Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise tum-by-turn directions spoken by a clear human-sounding voice and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antenna that takes signals from no fewer than three of the 24 global positioning system (GPS) satellites. Bv measuring the time reauired for a si区 nal to travel between the satellites and the antenna the cars location can be oinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction froma meter, determine the cars position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database. Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical. The differences come in hardware-the way the computer accepts the drivers request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address, motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or disc. But the Lexus screen goes a step fuither: you can point to any spot on the map screen and get directions to it.BMWs system offers a set of cross hairs·that can be moved across the map (you have severalchoices of map scale) to pick a point you 飞 i like to get to. AudiS screen can be switched to TV reception.Even the voices that recite the d irections can differ, with better systems l ike BMW s andLext后s having a wider vocabulary. The instructions are available in French. Geiman, Spanish, Dutch and Italian, as well as English. The driver can also choose parameters for detennining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways, for example.6. We learn from the passage that navigation computers 一 一 一 一 一 ·A. will greatly promote sales of automobilesB. may help solve potential traffic problemsC. are likely to be accepted by more driversD. will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury7. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his destination 一 一 一 一 一 ·A. by inputting the exact address答案写在答题纸上 ，写在试 卷 t 无效 第 2 页 共 12 页B. by indicating the location of his carC. by checking his computer databaseD. by giving vocal orders to the computer8. Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars 一 一 一 一 一 一 A. are more or less the same priceB. provide directions in much the s创 ne wayC. work on more or less the same principlesD. receive instructions from the s创 ne satellites9. The navigation computer functions一 一 一 一 一 A. by means of a direction finder and a speed detectorB. basically on satellite signals and a map databaseC. mainly through the reception of tum七 y-tum directionsD. by using a screen to display satellite signals10. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Audi are mentioned to showA. the immaturity of the new technologyB. the superiority of the global positioning systemC. the cause of price fluctuations in car equipmentD. the different ways of providing guidance to the driverPassage 3While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth centur， the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, andSweden developed later. All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth centu可 . However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the centu可， especially in the last two or three decades. In view of their later start and their lack of coal-undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrial izers-it is imoortant to understand the sources of their success.All had small populations. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1 million people, while Sweden and the Netherlands had fewer than 2.5 million inhabitants. All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century (Denmark the highest and Sweden the lowest), but all more than doubled in population by 1900. D巳 nsity varied greatly. The Netherlands had one of the highest population densities in Europe, whereas Norway and Sweden had the lowest. Denmark was in between but closer to the Netherlands.Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries were advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write. In both i 850 and i 9 i 4, the Scandinavian countries had the highest iiteracy rates i n Europe, or in the world, and the Netherlands w出 well above the European average. This fact was of enormous value in helping the national economies find their niches in the evolving cuents of the inte口 mtional economy.Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important impl ications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport merchant marines, and the shipbuildi ng industry. Each took advantage of these答案写在答题纸上 ， 写 在 试 卷 上 无 效 第 3 页 共 12 页。opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocola旬 ， grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, paiticularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen.The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, withprogressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well govern时，without notable co汀 uption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.11. Which of the following is TRUE about England and Germany?A.They were completely industrialized by the start of the ni neteenth century.B. They possessed plentiful supplies of coal.C.They were overtaken economically by the Netherlands and Scandinavia during the early nineteenth century.D. They succeeded for the same reasons that the Netherlands and Scandinavia did.12. What role does the population density play in the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia?A. It was a more important factor than population size.B. It was more influential than the rate of population growth.C. It was more important in the early stages than it was later.D. It was not a significant factor.13. A cording to the passage, which of the following contributed significantly to the successful economic development of the Netherlands and of Scandinavia?A. The relatively small size of their populationsB. The rapid rate at which their populations were growingC. The large amount of capital they had available for investmentD. The high proportion of their citizens who were educated14. According to paragraph 4, because of their location, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries had all of the following advantages when they began to industrialize EXCEPTA. low-cost transportation of goodsB. access to fishC. shipbuilding industries答案写在答题纸上 ， 写 在 试 卷 上 无 效 第 4 页 共 口 页0. military control of the sea15. According to the passage， 巳 ach of the following contributed positively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPTA. generally liberal trade policiesB. huge projects undertaken by the stateC. relatively unco付 upt governments0. relatively little social or political disruptionPassage 4The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall pa忧 ems, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal gr田 ses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on gr出 sy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and