共 4 页 第 1 页2016年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科 目 名 称 及 代 码 ： 811 综 合 知 识适 用 专 业 ： 外 国 语 言 学 及 应 用 语 言 学考 生 需 带 的 工 具 ： 考 生 注 意 事 项 ： 所 有 答 案 必 须 做 在 答 题 纸 上 ， 做 在 试 题 纸 上 一 律 无 效 ； 按 试 题 顺 序 答 题 ， 在 答 题 纸 上 标 明 题 目 序 号 。一、解释题：从下面挑选 5 个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明 (共计 10 分，每小题 2 分，多做依作答前 5题记分)1. design features 2. prescriptive linguistics3. assimilation4. inflection5. semantics6. trace theory7. speech act二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计 10 分，每空 1 分)1、In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed P_.2、P_ function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.3、If a single movement from one element to a second element of the tongue is involved, the combing vowels are called d_.4. P_ refers in the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.5. B_ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.6. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their r_ properties.7. “Words are names of labels for things”. This view is called N_ theory in semantic studies. 8. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of u_ is concrete and context-dependent. 9. C_ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.10. Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by o_.三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者在该题括号里标 T,错者在该题括号共 4 页 第 2 页里标 F. (共计 15 分，每小题 1.5 分)1、 （ ） Duality is one of the features of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the systems of sounds and the systems of meanings. 2、 （ ） All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain onset and a coda.3、 （ ）Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.4、 （ ）Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. 5、 （ ）An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction, it has just one head.6、 （ ）A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called rheme. 7、 （ ）Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature.8、 （ ）If the context of use is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.9、 （ ）Both Chinese and Japanese have a logographic writing system; English and Greek have an alphabetic writing system. 10、 （ ）Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.四、问答题：从下面各题挑选 5 题做简单回答 (共计 20 分，每小题 4 分，多做依作答前 5题记分)1. What are the main branches of linguistics? Please identify three branches and explain them briefly.2. How do you understand the distinction between langue and parole introduced by Saussure?3. What is a root used in morphology?4. What are the main concerns of syntax?5. What is the function of context in communication? Try to explain the following utterances rather than just state facts.(1) The room is messy.(2) It would be good if she had a green skirt on.6. Based on the Cooperative Principle, analyze the implicature of the utterance “Well, boys are boys” and discuss the reasoning process of the implicature.共 4 页 第 3 页7. How do you understand the Cooperative Principle by Grice? What are the four maxims?五、英译汉： 将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计 30 分)The sublime paradox of the spiritual life is repeated in all true development of personal gift and power. In order to find his life a man must first lose it; in order to keep his soul a man must first give it. The beginning of all education is self-conscious; at the start every effect must be calculated, every skill, method, or dexterity carefully studied. Training involves a rigid account of oneself based on searching self-knowledge. To become an effective speaker one must know his defects of bearing, gesture, voice; one must bring his whole personality into clear light, and study it as if it were an external thing; one must become intensely self-conscious. The initiation to every art is through this door of rigid scrutiny of self and entire surrender of self to the discipline of minute study and exacting practice. The pianist knows the artistic value of every note, and strikes each note with carefully calculated effect. The artist gives himself up to a patient study of details, and is content with the monotony of laborious imitation; subjecting every element of material and manner to the most thorough analysis.The first stage in the education of the true worker is self-conscious; the final stage is self-forgetful. No man can enter the final stage without passing through the initial stage; no man can enter the final stage without leaving the initial stage behind him. One must first develop intense self-consciousness, and then one must be able to forget and obliterate himself. One must first accept the most exacting discipline of the school, and then one must forget that schools exist. The apprentice is the servant of detail; the master is the servant of the idea: the first accepts methods as if they were the finalities of art; the second uses them as mere instruments. Tennyson's attention was once called to certain very subtle vowel effects in one of his later poems; he promptly said that he had not thought of them. That was undoubtedly true, for he had become a master; but there was a time, in his days of apprenticeship, when he had studied the musical qualities and resources of words with the most searching intelligence. The transition from apprenticeship to mastery is accomplished when a man passes through self-consciousness into self- forgetfulness, when his knowledge and skill become so much a part of himself that they become instinctive. When the artist has gained, through calculation, study, and, practice, complete command of himself and his materials, he 共 4 页 第 4 页subordinates skill to insight, and makes his art the unconscious expression of his deepest nature. When this stage is reached the artist can pour his whole soul into his work almost instinctively; his skill and methods have become so completely a part of himself that he can use them almost without being conscious of them.六、汉译英： 将下列段落翻译成英语(共计 30 分)看到的人都说，这是一个奇迹。一个小小的古镇，一条小小的河，一座小小的石桥，一株 500年古樟。石桥亦是长寿的，建于 200年前还是 300年前，不清楚了。反正它就造在古樟边，两条树根，犹如两根钢梁，一直架到河对岸。这桥就变成了名副其实的“石木结构”，而究竟是先有桥，树根搭过了岸，还是树根先伸展到对岸，石桥顺势而建，也就不清楚了。 记忆中清楚的是，上世纪 60年代，曾经有人要砍了树去劈木材烧火炼钢的，因为它与桥连成了一体，怕树砍了，桥也塌了，就逃过了一劫。 上世纪 80年代，有人建古桥博物馆，出高价想把桥移走。动手时才发现，所有石头的缝隙都爬满了粗粗细细的树根，离开大树，这座桥就变成了堆毫无意义的石头，根本无法复原。就又逃过一劫。 小镇位于经济发达的沿海地带，上世纪 90年代，这一带的古镇，随着人们钱袋鼓胀，都旧貌换新颜。小镇也想大动干戈的，但心疼这祖宗传下来的桥和树，更怕轻举妄动坏了风水，想来想去定不好方案，期间还拒绝了一些投资者，一拖再拖，便赶上了古民居修复保护的黄金时代。 如今这里成了著名的风景点，500 年古樟冠盖青葱，古桥沧桑而又生机勃勃，小镇上民居保存完好，最难得的是，民风淳朴、天然，不贪婪，其乐融融。 而这一切都是相互依存，相依为命的。先是桥保住了树，再是树保住了桥，最后是桥与树保住了古镇。要说究竟是人保住了环境，还是环境保住了人，又说不大清楚了。七、下列各汉语短语中均有一处错误，请指出并改正（共计 5分，每小题 1 分）1.走头无路 2. 密而不宣 3.先法制人 4.鼓惑人心 5.明火执杖八、 中文写作（30 分）英国大英图书馆，是世界上著名的图书馆，里面的藏书非常丰富。有一次，图书馆要搬家，也就是说要从旧馆搬到新馆去，结果一算，搬运费要几百万，根本就没有这么多钱。怎么办？有一个高人，向馆长出了一个点子，结果只花了几千块钱就解决了问题。图书馆在报上登了一个广告：从即日开始，每个市民可以免费从大英图书馆借 10本书。结果，许多市民蜂拥而至，没几天，就把图书馆的书借光了。书借出去了，怎么还呢？大家给我还到新馆来。就这样，图书馆借用大家的力量搬了一次家。根据上述材料，以“智者借力而行”为题写一篇不少于 700字的议论文。