天津商业大学2018年研究生入学考试试题专业：外国语言学及应用语言学课程名称：基础英语（712）B共14页第1页说明：答案标明题号写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上的一律无效。I Structure and I was mesmerized, not asmuch by the fantastic sighting as by the closeness of this whale family. My eyes began to swim,and my heart ached.The mother whale must be teaching her baby, and she must be brimming with pride. (4)Garywas busy videotaping, but I wiped my eyes with the back of my hand and started wonderingif some commonsense was worth questioned. How incomplete I would feel for the rest of mylife! I wouldnt have the opportunities to hear the first baby cry, to be enchanted by the sweetbabbling and constant leg kicks, to witness the first roll over, the first effort to stand up, the firststep, let alone the wedding, the blessing of being a grandma I would pay to be torn with birthpain; (5)I would pay to have sleepless nights so my baby could sleep in lullaby; I would payto parent a teenager; I would pay toThat night I didnt take my pill, and I made love with passion. That night I had a dream: Iflipped over the ocean with ecstasy, and I wasnt alone.III. Paraphrasing (每小题2分，共20分)Section A: Choose the best one among the three choices that closely restates the underlinedpart of the sentence. REMEMBER to write your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a Britishwhipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and safer prey.a. I can see the German bombers and fighters in the sky who learned from the British air forcehow to fight, now feel happy because they think they can easily beat the Russian air forcewithout heavy loss.总共14页第5页5b. I can see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, after suffering severe losses in the aerialbattle of England, now feel happy because they think they can easily beat the Russian air forcewithout heavy loss.c. I can see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, who, after suffering severe losses in theaerial battle of England, now feel happy because they think they can stay safe and comfortableat home.2. The Duchess of Croydon-three centuries and a half of inbred arrogance behind her-didnot yield easily.a. The Duchess wouldn't give up easily because she had read history books of the past threehundred and 50 years.b. The Duchess who was as proud as the noble ancestors of three centuries and a half wouldn'tgive up easily.c. The Duchess was supported by her arrogance coming from parents of noble families with ahistory of three centuries and a half. She wouldn't give up easily.3. The computer might appear to be a dehumanizing factor, but the opposite in that is true.a. The computer might appear to make human beings machinelike，but it can also destroy humanbeings.b. The computer might degrade human beings，but it can bring some human qualities into ourlives as wellc. The computer might appear to make human beings machinelike，but it can bring some humanqualities into our lives as well4. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid being concrete skyscrapers isthe very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and miniskirt.a. The attractive scene in Japan is that the high building is like kimono while the small floatinghouse is like miniskirt.b. The traditional floating houses among high modern buildings represent the constant strugglebetween old tradition and new development.c. The constant fighting between old traditional people and young people usually takes placebetween the high buildings and small floating houses in Japan.总共14页第6页65. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand.a. She thinks that her sister does not take life seriously.b. She thinks that her sister has a firm control of her life.c. She thinks that her sister has her life controlled by the others.6. Mark Twain digested the new American experience before sharing it with the world aswriter and lecturer.a. Mark Twain first observed and absorbed the new American experience, and then introduce it tothe world in his books or lectures.b. Mark Twain first travelled around America, and then introduce it to the world in his books orlectures.c. Mark Twain read the new published book American experience before introducing it to theworld in his books or lectures.7. Spectators paid to gaze at the ape and ponder whether they might be related.a. People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes andhumans could have the same behavior.b. People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes andhumans could have a common ancestry.c. People must pay the price of looking at the ape, which makes then think carefully whether apesand humans are all aggressive.8. She existed for me only as a vaguely embarrassing presence.a. I only knew her as a person whose appearance makes others feel awkward.b. Her presence for me is no more than invisible person.c. I only knew her as a person who would make other people feel ill at ease.9. They make it harder to make a big killing in good times, (because you have to share thetrade with other members.)a. They make it more difficult to kill a lot of animals when it is ideal hunting time.b. They make it more difficult to make a large amount of money when economic conditions arefavorable.c. They make it more difficult to make a large amount of grain even if the whether is favorable for总共14页第7页7harvest.10. Or maybe Lauras unwitting influence has called it out.a. Or maybe my suppressed inclination has been brought out under Laura's unintentionalinfluenceb. Or maybe Lauras naivety has helped me release my potential feelingc. Or maybe Lauras unintentional influence has made me aware of the meaning of life.IV Blank filling (每空2分，共20分)Directions: Choose the right word from the list in the box below for each blank.eat charm rift tilled natives differences resistance wings villa ignorantly barrierattack flames asking reconsidering sty descendants unconsciouslyThe glow of the conversation burst into _1_. There were affirmations and protests anddenials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on themorning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could stillgo_2_ on.It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of “the King's English,“ whichproduced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the _3_ of convicts.We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the King'sEnglish in such a society. There is always _4_ in the lower classes to any attempt by anupper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken.“Look at the language _5_ between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors.The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century to the English peasantsof the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The conversation wason_6_.Someone took one of the best-known of examples, which is still always worth the_7_. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of theanimals from which the meat comes we use Anglo-Saxon words. It is a pig in its _8_; it ispork (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickensbecome poultry (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau). Even if our menus were not written in总共14页第8页8French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English. What all thistells us is of a deep class _9_in the culture of England after the Norman conquest.The Saxon peasants who _10_ the land and reared the animals could not afford themeat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scamperedover their fields and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their nosesat it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin.V. Reading Comprehension (每小题5分，共30分)Read the passage carefully and then answer the following questions and translate theunderlined sentences into Chinese. When answering question, you are supposed to come to thepoint at once and then try to elaborate it.(注意：回答每个问题简明扼要，开门见山，不超过50个单词，切记标清题号)Politics and the English LanguageBy George Orwell1. Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in abad way, but it generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Ourcivilization is decadent and our languageso the argument runsmust inevitably share inthe general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is asentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes.Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not aninstrument which we shape for our own purposes.2. Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economiccauses: it is not due simply to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But an effect canbecome a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensifiedform, and so on indefinitely.A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, andthen fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening tothe English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but theslovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the总共14页第9页9process is reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits whichspread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If onegets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a necessary first steptoward political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not theexclusive concern of professional writers. I will come back to this presently, and I hope that bythat time the meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer. Meanwhile, here are fivespecimens of the English language as it is now habitually written.3. Dying metaphors. A newly-invented metaphor assists thought by evoking a visual image,while on the other hand a metaphor which is technically “dead“ has in effect reverted to beingan ordinary word and can generally be used without loss of vividness. But in between these twoclasses there is a huge dump of worn-out metaphors which have lost all evocative power and aremerely used because they save people the trouble of inventing phrases for themselves.4. Operators, or verbal false limbs. These save the trouble of picking out appropriate verbs andnouns, and at the same time pad each sentence with extra syllables which give it an appearance ofsymmetry. The keynote is the elimination of simple verbs. Instead of being a single word, such asbreak, stop, spoil, a verb becomes a phase, made up of a noun or adjective tacked on to somegeneral-purposes verb as prove, serve, form, play, render. Simple conjunctions and prepositionsare replaced by such phrases as with respect to, having regard to, the fact that.5. Pretentious diction. Words like phenomenon, categorical, exploit, utilize, liquidate,are used to dress up simple statements and give an air of scientific impartiality to biasedjudgments. Adjectives like epoch-making, unforgettable, age-old, are used to dignify the sordidprocesses of international politics, while writing that aims at glorifying war usually takes onan archaic color, its characteristic words being: realm, throne ,banner,. Foreign words andexpressions such as cul de sac ancient mutatis, are used to give an air of culture and elegance.Except for the useful abbreviations I.E., E.G., and ETC., there is no real need for any ofthe hundreds of foreign phrases now current in English. Bad writers, and especially scientific,political and sociological writers, are nearly always haunted by the notion that Latin or Greekwords are grander than Saxon ones. The result, in general, is an increase in slovenliness andvagueness.总共14页第10页106. Meaningless words. In certain kinds of writing, particularly in art criticism and literarycriticism, it is normal to come across long passages which are almost completely lacking inmeaning. Words like romantic, plastic, sentimental, as used in art criticism, are strictlymeaningless, in the sense that they not only do not point to any discoverable object, but arehardly even expected to do so by the reader. When one critic writes, “The outstanding feature ofMr. X's work is its living quality,“ while another writes, “The immediately striking thing about Mr.X's work is its peculiar deadness,“ the reader accepts this as a simple difference of opinion Ifwords like black and whit e involved, instead of the jargon words dead and living, he would see atonce that language was being used in an improper way. Many political words are similarlyabused.7. As I have tried to show, modern writing at its worst does not consist in picking out wordsfor the sake of their meaning and inventing images in order to make the meaning clearer. Itconsists in gumming together long strips of words which have already been set in order bysomeone else, and making the results presentable by sheer humbug. The attraction of this way ofwriting is that it is easy. It is easiereven quicker, once you have the habitto say In my opinionit is not an unjustifiable assumption that than to say I think. If you use ready-made phrases, younot only dont have to hunt about for words; you also dont have to bother with the rhythms ofyour sentences, since these phrases are generally so arranged as to be more or less euphonious. Byusing stale metaphors, similes, and idioms you save much mental effort, at the cost of leavingyour meaning vague, not only for your reader but for yourself. This is the significance of mixedmetaphors. The sole aim of a metaphor is to call up a visual image. When these images clashasin The Fascist octopus has sung its swan song, the jackboot is thrown into the melting potit canbe taken as certain that the writer is not seeing a mental image of the objects he is naming; inother words he is not really thinking. People who write in this manner usually have a generalemotional meaningthey dislike one thing and want to express solidarity with anotherbut theyare not interested in the detail of what they are saying. A scrupulous writer, in every sentence thathe writes, will ask himself at least four questions, thus: what am I trying to say? What words willexpress it