北京语言大学2018年翻译硕士真题.pdf
翻译硕士考研网( www.52mti.com)专业提供翻译硕士考研真题与备考资料! 微信客服: love52mti 翻译硕士考研网官方网站: http:/www.52mti.com/ QQ 在线客服: 1391554014 北京语言大学 2018 年翻译硕士考研真题(回忆版) 【 211 翻译硕士英语】 一、 单选 10道 前几年侧重考语法,今年侧重词汇,包括近义词、形近词辨析,侧重对题干的理解( entitle present credit; arise、 arouse等,事实证明,各类型单选都得兼顾) , 综合考察能力,参考专四单选题 。 二、一篇完形填空, 20道 题目 ( 20空,前 10空有选项,后 10空自己填,多是介词、连接词这些。这一片有点偏文学。第一段讲一部文学作品,主人公是一个老人,某天他发觉身边的人都有点不一样,问他们都说没发生什么。某天晚上,微风推开阳台门,他才意识到是春天来了。接下来讲另一部文学作品,一个小女孩走丢了,所有人出动,但都没找到。村民的生活仍按部就班。但作者的本意不是写小女孩有没有被找到,而是展现时间的变与不变) 文章来自 New Yorker , Nov.27,2017 One of my favorite short stories is Luigi Pirandellos beautiful, brief “A Breath of Air.” An old man, paralyzed by a stroke, sits in his bedroom, while the life of the household stirs around him. The old man seethes with anger and resentment, and on this particular day he is unusually perturbed. Everyone seems to be acting strangely. His little granddaughter enters the room, and is annoying and unrulyshe runs toward his balcony, whose glass doors she wants to open. His daughter-in-law, who 微信公众号: lovemti 资料商城: www.16kaoyan.com 微博: 中国翻译硕士考研网 翻译硕士考研网官方网站: http:/www.52mti.com/ QQ 在线客服: 1391554014 comes in to remove the child, seems not quite herself. Even the old mans son seems different: he uses a tone of voice that the patriarch has never heard before. What has happened? Are they all in league against him? When he asks the servant why she is sighing, she laughs, and he angrily dismisses her. Later, he confronts his son, who assures him that nothing is going on, nothing has changed. But in the early evening, as a perfumed breeze gently pushes open the balcony door, he understands: spring has come. “The others could not see it. They could not even feel it in themselves because they were still part of life. But he who was almost dead, he had seen and felt it there among them That was why they had all behaved differently, without even knowing it.” I thought of Pirandellos story while reading “Reservoir 13” (Catapult), the fourth novel by the English writer Jon McGregor. Prosaically enough, it is a portrait of an English village during the course of thirteen years; the book awards roughly twenty pages to each year. Prosaically enough, nothing much happens. True, at the start of “Reservoir 13,” a teen-age girl, Rebecca Shaw, goes missing; search parties are dispatched, divers plunge into the river, a helicopter scans the moors, the police stage a reconstruction of her last movements. But Rebecca is never found, and the novel isnt really about this loss; on the contrary, McGregor delicately labors to show with what terrifying ease the quick pulse of life displaces the lost signal of death. Life grows over death, quite literally; the dead are at our mercy. The villagers continue the rhythms of their lives: they farm the land, run the pub, tend the shops, and teach at the school; they grow up and marry, they procreate, divorce, and die. More implacably even than this human tempo, nature has its own ceaseless life rhythms, and it is in McGregors incantatory, lingering account of the annual rise and fall that his book achieves a visionary power. Like the Pirandello of “A Breath of Air,” McGregor is alive to subtle shifts in the natural worldto the breath that quickens and kindles in spring, to the steady, hazy lengths of summer and the downcome of autumn, and then the slow abeyance of winter. He sees nature in its constancy and its change, and he marks the transitions of the seasons, doing so in a 翻译硕士考研网( www.52mti.com)专业提供翻译硕士考研真题与备考资料! 微信客服: love52mti 翻译硕士考研网官方网站: http:/www.52mti.com/ QQ 在线客服: 1391554014 repetitive, choric manner that displays the change as constancy. Before him, in the English tradition, come the Hardy of “Tess of the dUrbervilles,” the Lawrence of “The Rainbow” (whose opening pages bring alive the Biblical rhythms of generations), and the Woolf of “The Waves” and “Between the Acts.” In “The Waves,” Woolf returns, at regular intervals, to painterly, almost ritualized descriptions of the suns passage, on a single day, from dawn to dusk: wedges of prose like the divisions on a sundial. In the same way, McGregor uses certain repeated sentences as crossing stones, to measure and navigate his distances. Each new year (also the start of each new chapter) begins in the same way: “At midnight when the year turned there were fireworks.” Throughout the novel, he returns to an identical image of the river that flows through the village: “The river turned over beneath the packhorse bridge and ran on towards the millpond weir.” (The novel carries an epigraph from Wallace Stevens: “The river is moving. / The blackbird must be flying.”) And, very beautifully, he watches time and light lengthen and shorten. In the first year after Rebecca Shaws disappearance, in April, the novel poses this question: “How was it she hadnt been found, still, as the days got longer and the sun cut farther into the valley and under the ash trees the first new ferns unfurled from the cold black soil.” All is transition: “There were cowslips under the hedges and beside the road, offering handfuls of yellow flowers to the longer days.” 三、阅读( 3 篇) 篇幅较长。第一篇,单选题,讲到 gene driver,科学类,易懂。第二篇,3 个简答题,讲到 existentialism 存在主义。第三篇,写 summary,讲到 fantasy和 childs story 的关系,要求多于 100 词,不能照抄原文,要包括所有的观点 。 第一篇 : 选项阅读,普通的专八阅读难度 5 道选择 文章来自 The New York Times By Carl Zimmer, Nov. 16, 2017 In 2013, scientists discovered a new way to precisely edit genes technology called Crispr that raised all sorts of enticing possibilities. Scientists wondered if it might be used to fix hereditary diseases, for example, or to develop new crops. 微信公众号: lovemti 资料商城: www.16kaoyan.com 微博: 中国翻译硕士考研网 翻译硕士考研网官方网站: http:/www.52mti.com/ QQ 在线客服: 1391554014 One of the more intriguing ideas came from Kevin M. Esvelt and his colleagues at Harvard University: Crispr, they suggested, could be used to save endangered wildlife from extinction by implanting a fertility-reducing gene in invasive animals a so-called gene drive. When the genetically altered animals were released back into the wild, the fertility-reducing gene would spread through the population, eradicating the pests. The idea appealed to conservation biologists who had spent decades fighting a losing battle against exotic species. Some labs began running preliminary experiments. But now, three years later, Dr. Esvelt wishes he hadnt broached the idea. “I feel like Ive blown it,” Dr. Esvelt, now an assistant professor at M.I.T., said in an interview. Championing the notion was “an embarrassing mistake.” His regret arises from a study that he and his colleagues published on Thursday on the preprint bioRxiv server. They created a detailed mathematical model describing what happens following the release of Crispr-altered organisms. And they discovered an unacceptable risk: Altered genes might spread to places where the species isnt invasive at all, but a well-established part of the ecosystem. Dr. Esvelt, who also is a co-author of a commentary on the studys implications in the journal PLOS Biology, and his colleagues still think its worth investigating gene drives to save threatened species. But researchers will have to invent safer forms of the technology first. Dr. Esvelt and other researchers have also been investigating the possibility of using gene drives to eradicate diseases. The most advanced of these projects seeks to wipe out malaria-carrying mosquitoes. These projects are still viable but, Dr. Esvelt warned, scientists now must be mindful of just how powerful gene drives may become. “Its an important contribution,” said John M. Marshall, a mathematical biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, said of the new research. “A study like this 翻译硕士考研网( www.52mti.com)专业提供翻译硕士考研真题与备考资料! 微信客服: love52mti 翻译硕士考研网官方网站: http:/www.52mti.com/ QQ 在线客服: 1391554014 is the beginning of a formal analysis we need.” Crispr makes it possible to build molecules that can find a particular sequence of DNA inside a cell. The molecules then snip out the sequence, allowing it to be replaced by a different one. The technique might make it possible to introduce not just a gene engineered to reduce fertility in, say, an invasive weasel, but also the genes for the Crispr molecules themselves. Then the weasel would gene-edit itself. Weasels inheriting just one copy of the low-fertility gene would end up with two copies, which theyd pass down to offspring. Soon the whole population of invasive weasels would be producing fewer young, until eventually the population collapsed. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, showed that the idea could really work by spreading a gene in fruit flies reared in the lab. Soon afterward, Dr. Esvelts own team showed that the process could make certain genes more common in yeast. The National Academy of Sciences released a report on gene drives in 2016. While experts recognized a number of potential risks, they endorsed more research possibly including “highly controlled field trials.” So what exactly would happen if a gene drive were set loose in the wild? Dr. Esvelt collaborated with Charleston Noble, a graduate student at Harvard, and other colleagues to make an informed guess. The researchers created a detailed mathematical model that took into account how often Crispr fails to do its job and how often mutations arise that protect a target gene from editing, among many other factors. The model revealed that a gene drive would be remarkably aggressive. It would take relatively few engineered organisms to spread a new gene through much of a population. “It only takes a handful,” said Dr. Esvelt. That aggressiveness might be good for eradicating an invasive weasel that couldnt be stopped by poison baits or hunting. But if a few engineered weasels managed to escape the local environment or were intentionally taken somewhere 微信公众号: lovemti 资料商城: www.16kaoyan.com 微博: 中国翻译硕士考研网 翻译硕士考研网官方网站: http:/www.52mti.com/ QQ 在线客服: 1391554014 else they could easily spread the gene drive throughout the weasels native habitat. That may well mean that experiments in the real world are just too risky right now. “The very idea of a field trial is that its a trial thats confined to an area,” Dr. Esvelt said. “Our model indicates that this is not the case.” “The kind of gene drive that is invasive and self-propagating is in many ways the equivalent of an invasive species,” he added. But safer forms of the technology might be able to attack species where theyre invasive and not harm them elsewhere. In his own lab, Dr. Esvelt is investigating a gene drive that can self-destruct after several generations. Other researchers are trying to build gene drives that are tailored to invasive populations on islands but cant harm mainland relatives. “I would buy into that,” said James P. Collins, an evolutionary ecologist at Arizona State University and co-chairman of the N.A.S. committee on gene drives. “Universal gene drives do have the downsides that these guys talk about.” But when it comes to attempts to wipe out malaria, Dr. Esvelt draws a different conclusion from his data. While self-limiting gene drives might be easier to control, they may be too weak to affect vast mosquito populations. It might well be necessary to deploy a quickly spreading gene drive. Dr. Esvelts study suggests that if one nation decided to release such genetically engineered mosquitoes, neighboring countries quickly would become part of the experiment whether they liked it or not. International negotiations might be required before such genetically modified mosquitoes were set loose. “Thats not a question for scientists to answer on their own,” said Jason A. Delborne, a social scientist at North Carolina State University and a member of the N.A.S. gene drive committee. Yet Dr. Esvelt would be willing to take that leap. “I have two kids,” he said. “If they lived in Africa, I would say do it.” 翻译硕士考研网( www.52mti.com)专业提供翻译硕士考研真题与备考资料! 微信客服: love52mti 翻译硕士考研网官方网站: http:/www.52mti.com/ QQ 在线客服: 1391554014 第二篇主观阅读, 3 道主观题,篇幅 4 面 A4 纸 文章来自 At the Existentialist Caf By Sarah Bakewell It is sometimes said that existentialism is more of a mood than a philosophy, and that it can be traced back to anguished novelists of the nineteenth century, and beyond that to Blaise Pascal, who was terrified by the silence of infinite spaces, and beyond that to the soul-searching St. Augustine, and beyond that to the Old Testaments weary Ecclesiastes and to Job, the man who dared to question the game God was playing with him and was intimidated into submission. To anyone, in short, who has ever felt disgruntled, rebellious, or alienated about anything. But one can go the other way, and narrow the birth of modern existentialism down to a moment near the turn of 19323, when three young philosophers were sitting in the Bec-de-Gaz bar on the rue du Montparnasse in Paris, catching up on gossip and drinking the house speciality, apricot cocktails. The one who later told the story in most detail was Simone de Beauvoir, then around twenty-five years old and given to watching the world closely through her elegant hooded eyes. She was there with her boyfriend, Jean-Paul Sartre, a round-shouldered twenty-seven-year-old with downturned grouper lips, a dented complexion, prominent ears, and eyes that pointed in different directions, for his almost-blind right eye tended to wander outwards in a severe exotropia or misalignment of the gaze. Talking to him could be disorienting for the unwary, but if you forced yourself to stick with the left eye, you would invariably find it watching you with warm intelligence: the eye of a man interested in everything you could tell him. Sartre and Beauvoir were certainly interested now, because the third person at the table had news for them. This was Sartres debonair old school friend Raymond Aron, a fellow graduate of the cole normale suprieure. Like the other two, Aron was in Paris for his winter break. But whereas Sartre and Beauvoir had been teaching in the French provinces Sartre in Le Havre, Beauvoir in Rouen Aron had been studying in Berlin. He was now telling his friends about a philosophy he had 微信公众号: lovemti 资料商城: www.16kaoyan.com 微博: 中国翻译硕士考研网 翻译硕士考研网官方网站: http:/www.52mti.com/ QQ 在线客服: 1391554014 discovered there with the sinuous name of phenomenology a word so long yet elegantly balanced that, in French as in English, it can make a line of iambic trimeter all by itself. Aron may have been saying something like this: traditional philosophers often started with abstract axioms or theories, but the German phenomenologists went straight for life as they experienced it, moment to moment. They set aside most of what had kept philosophy going since Plato: puzzles about whether things are real or how we can know anything for certain about them. Instead