2015年青岛大学622基础英语(2)考研真题.pdf
1 青岛大学 2015 年硕士研究生入学考试试题 科目代码: 622 科目名称: 基础英语( 2) (共 12 页) 请考生写明题号,将答案全部答在答题纸上,答在试卷上无效 Part I. Cloze (20 points) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Learning theorists emphasize the role of environmental influences in shaping the way a person develops. 1 their view, child development is guided by both deliberate and 2 learning experiences in the home, peer groups, school, and community. Therefore, childhood growth is significantly 3 by the efforts of parents, teachers, and others to 4 children in desirable ways. According to learning theories, the same 5 that explain how people can use a bicycle or computer also explain how children acquire social skills, emotional self-control, reasoning strategies, and the 6 skills of walking and running. One kind of learning occurs when a childs actions are 7 by a reward or punishment. A reward, also called a reinforcer, increases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For example, a young child may 8 draw pictures because she receives praise from her parents after 9 each one. A punishment decreases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For example, a child who touches a hot stove and burns his fingertips is not 10 to touch the stove again. 11 kind of learning, classical conditioning, occurs when a person makes a 12 association between two events. For example, babies begin sucking when they are put in a familiar nursing 13 , children fear dogs whose barking has startled them in the past. A third kind of learning 14 of imitating the behavior of others. A boy may acquire his fathers 15 of 2 talking, his mothers tendency to roll her eyes, and his favorite basketball players moves 16 the court. In doing so, he also acquires 17 about the consequences of these behaviors. Learning theories provide extremely useful ways of understanding how developmental changes in behavior and thinking 18 and, for some children, why behavior problems arise. These theories can be studied scientifically and practically applied. Critics point out, 19 , that learning theories sometimes neglect childrens 20 role in their own understanding and development. 1. A. With B. From C. For D. In 2. A. unintended B. uninvolved C. undiscovered D. unlimited 3. A. achieved B. created C. developed D. shaped 4. A. moralize B. recognize C. socialize D. standardize 5. A. considerations B. instructions C. principles D. tendencies 6. A. physical B. personal C. original D. technical 7. A. directed B. followed C. pursued D. tracked 8. A. continuously B. immediately C. occasionally D. regularly 9. A. completing B. fulfilling C. handling D. obtaining 10. A. liable B. likely C. possible D. ready 11. A. Another B. Next C. One D. Other 12. A. emotional B. intellectual C. mental D. spiritual 13. A. condition B. location C. posture D. situation 14. A. contains B. consists C. comprises D. composes 15. A. custom B. means C. type D. style 16. A. over B. on C. in D. at 17. A. estimations B. evaluations C. explorations D. expectations 18. A. appear B. emerge C. exist D. occur 19. A. accordingly B. however C. moreover D. therefore 20. A. active B. dominant C. positive D. social 3 Part II. Reading Comprehension (40 points) Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Passage One Shopping has become a cloak-and-dagger affair. Conspicuous consumption does not look good during a recession, which explains why so many of us are embracing e-commerce. Online shopping on these shores is projected to grow from sales of 8.9bn to around 21.3bn by the end of 2011. Often people proclaim theyve embraced e-commerce because its “green”. This is understandable. If many shopping bags in a recession look bad, bricks and mortar retail - huge out-of-town shopping centers, retail emporia that insist on leaving their doors open even in winter and grocery stores full of the most inefficient freezers - look terrible during an ecological emergency. Should we buy the idea that e-commerce is any better? Several studies have tried to answer this with cold, hard data. A 2000 study on Webvan, a now defunct US online grocer, concluded that a wider adoption of e-commerce would not give us environmental gains, while a 2002 study of US book retailing found no greater energy savings selling online. But the study that all e-tailers are talking about is a new one from Carnegie Mellon University, which has found that shopping online via Buy.coms e-commerce model for electronic products uses 35 per cent less energy consumption and CO2 emissions than a traditional bricks-and-mortar model. This is largely because it avoids the usual retail distribution model and, of course, the impact of consumers driving to a store (the average person drives 14 miles in total, to purchase three items). But both models are flawed, because online or on the street, retailers are dependent on a hydrocarbon-fuelled delivery system. Trucks deliver 4.8m tons of freight each day in the UK, which works out at about 80kg per person. To make matters worse, after a truck drops off the goods it often returns empty to 4 the depot. A 2002 study of 20,000 haulage trips found that only 2.4% of return journey legs found suitable backloads. This journey represents a large part of the impact of what we buy. Online shopping may prove marginally more green in terms of energy saving (often a strategy that favors homogenized, multinational retail), but we shouldnt forget progressive bricks-and-mortar retail. Places such as Ludlow in Shropshire, a fair trade town based on ethical trading ideas, where the independent street has been hard won. It brings consumers face to face with products with an equitable back-story, shortened supply chain and with values. This is a wiser and wider retail experience; anything else could leave you feeling short changed. 21. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned as the reasons for peoples embracing e-commerce? A) Shopping has become a secret affair. B) Conspicuous consumption does not look good during a recession. C) E-commerce is “green”. D) Online shopping is more convenient. 22. What was the result of the 2002 study of US book retailing? A) There was no greater energy savings selling online. B) E-commerce would give us environmental gains. C) Online shopping is projected to grow greatly. D) Shopping online uses 35 per cent less energy consumption and CO2 emissions than a traditional bricks-and-mortar model. 23. Which of the following statements can explain the research findings from Carnegie Mellon University? A) Online shopping often allows you to avoid compulsive shopping. B) Online shopping avoids the usual retail distribution model and, of course, the impact of consumers driving to a store. C) Only 2.4% of return journey legs found suitable backloads. D) Online shopping is not dependent on a hydrocarbon-fuelled delivery 5 system. 24. What are the advantages of bricks-and-mortar retail? A) It brings consumers face to face with products with an equitable back-story, shortened supply chain and with values. B) Consumers will never be cheated. C) The bricks-and-mortar retail model is more suitable for consumers. D) The bricks-and-mortar retail model uses less energy. 25. What is the authors attitude towards online shopping and bricks-and-mortar retail? A) Online shopping is better than bricks-and-mortar retail. B) Online shopping may prove marginally greener in terms of energy saving, but the traditional bricks-and-mortar model also has its advantages. C) The traditional bricks-and-mortar model is more trustworthy because consumers can see the products directly. D) Online shopping will take the place of the traditional bricks-and-mortar model. Passage Two How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion. Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just to dress. A barber today does not cut a boys hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandmothers did. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our 6 friends think we are odd or dull. What causes fashions to change? Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats for example. In cold climates, early buildings were cold inside, so people wore hats indoors as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats: more American men have followed example. There is also a cyclical pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and America, short skirts became fashionable. After World War , they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter until the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again. Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the “untidy” look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashions of the top fashion houses. At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circumstances and then we must choose our clothes carefully. It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater; and it would be discourteous to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club. However, you need never feel depressed if you dont look like the latest fashion photo. Look around you and youll see that no one else does either! 26. The author thinks that people are _. A) satisfied with their appearance B) concerned about appearance in old age C) far from neglecting what is in fashion D) reluctant to follow the trends in fashion 27. Fashion magazines and TV advertisements seem to link fashion to _. 7 A) confidence in life B) personal dress C) individual hair style D) personal future 28. Causes of fashions are _. A) uniform B) varied C) unknown D) inexplicable 29. Present-day society is much freer and easier because it emphasizes _. A) uniformity B) formality C) informality D) individuality 30. Which is the main idea of the last paragraph? A) Care about appearance in formal situations. B) Fashion in formal and informal situations. C) Ignoring appearance in informal situations. D) Ignoring appearance in all situations. Passage Three Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human conditions is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles (困难 ). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely. Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in 8 leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 31. Interpersonal relationships are important because _. A) they are indispensable to peoples social well-being B) they awaken peoples desire to exchange resources C) they help people to cope with life in the information era D) they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc. 32. Research shows that peoples physical and mental health _. A) relies on the social welfare systems which support them B) has much to do with the amount of support they get from others C) depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troubles D) is closely related to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives 33. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “cushions” (Para. 2)? A) Adds up to. B) Does away with. C) Lessens the effect of. D) Lays the foundation for. 34. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of _. A) instrumental support B) informational support C) social companionship D) the strengthening of self-respect 35. Social companionship is beneficial in that _. A) it helps strengthen our ties with relatives B) it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakes C) it makes our leisure-time activities more enjoyable D) it draws our attention away from our worries and troubles 9 Passage Four Most of us lead unhealthy lives: we spend far too much time sitting down. If, in addition, we are careless about our diets, our bodies soon become flabby and systems sluggish. Then the guilt feelings start: “I must go on a diet. I must try to lose weight.” “I must get more fresh air and exercise.” “I must stop smoking.” “I must try to keep fit.” There are some aspects of our unhealthy lives that we cannot avoid. I am thinking of such features of modem urban life as pollution, noise, rushed meals and stress. But keeping fit is a wa