2018上海海事大学考研真题211翻译硕士英语.pdf
1 2018年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (重要提示: 答案必须做在答题纸上, 做在试题上不给分) 考试科目代码: 211 考试科目名称:翻译硕士英语 1. Part 1 Vocabulary and structure (30%) Directions: There are 30 sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,and,D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 1. This television set is an improvement _earlier models. A. with B. by C. on D. for 2. We are _ our holiday pictures on to a screen so that lots of people can see them at the same time. A. reflecting B. casting C. throwing D. projecting 3. Nevertheless,tasks and duties are the central feature, and should therefore be considered as a separate _ in themselves. A. result B.effect C. issue D. outcome 4. Leadership is the heart of the managerial process, because it_initiating action. A.involves B.engages C.consists D.contains 5. Small firms are counting the _of sickness among employees. A.cost B.price C.charge D.expense 6. The most common _of absence was minor illness, such as colds or flu. A.reason B.symptom C.cause D.motive 7.These days in business, people have to face many challenging questions_ and implementing new projects in underdeveloped areas of the countryside. A.designing B.conspiring C.drawing D.scheming 2 8. The project was carried out with _disturbance last summer. A.bare B.smallest C.least D.minimal 9. One of the most important features in any business is communication. Good communications are required at all _of the business process. A.stages B.grades C.parts D.degrees 10. Have you made up your mind yet_where you are going to spend your holiday? A. so that B.such as C.as to D. in case 11.The firm is looking for a new _for another branch office. A. spot B. point C. scene D. site 12.Water is to fish _air is to man. A.that B. which C. what D. how 13. _is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produce no concrete proposals. A. As B. That C. Which D. What 14. This book has been in the works so long that I have lost _ of most of the sources found for me by the staff of the library. A. trace B. trail C. track D. touch 15.The audience waited in _silence while their aged speaker searched among his note for the figures he could not remember. A. respective B. respect C. respectful D. respectable 16. Modern appliances _us from a good deal of household work. For instance, the dryer frees us from hanging the laundry. A.escape B . benefit C. liberate D. comfort 3 17. Market research, in_ with a number of other approaches in marketing, suffers from the frequent complaint that it is not really accurate. A.association B.common C.addition D.connection 18. If you have ever been told by your boss to improve you knowledge of a foreign language youll know that _doesnt come quickly. A.gain B.result C.success D.outcome 19. No other business course is as _and the unique radio-magazine format is as instructive as it is entertaining. A.adjustable B.flexible C.convertible D.variable 20. Her new mobile phone costs her _the one she bought last year. A.twice B. twice as much as C. twice more than D. as much twice as 21.There is scarcity of teachers in the countryside. People _have become teachers. A.not better like you B.as not good as you C.no better than you D.better not than you 22. Could you tell me the name of the_? A. ugly,little,yellow, fly-like insect B. little, ugly,yellow,fly-like insect C. yellow,little,ugly,fly-like insect D. yellow,fly-like,ugly,little insect 23. She had an operation on her breast for cancer two years ago, but she is_. A. very good B. very well C.in good condition D.quite healthy 24. On this desk, you will find a _clock,which was the only thing left to him by his father. A. little exquisite antique Swiss B. exquisite antique little Swiss C. little antique exquisite Swiss D. Swiss little antique exquisite 4 25. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication _the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered. A. in this way B. in that C. in which D. in order to 26. _trouble, I shall forget the whole thing. A. Rather than caused B. Than rather caused B. C. Than rather causing D. Rather than cause 27. The man sitting opposite me smiled dreamily, as if _something pleasant in the past. A. to remember B. remembered C. having been remembered D. remembering 28. Reading efficiency means the _of a reading task within an appropriate time frame and with appropriate comprehension. A. accomplishment B.committed C.contentment D.complement 29.The payment that the motorist will have to effect will be_to the amount of the damage he has done to the other persons car. A. applicable B.comparable C. proportional D.attributed 30. People including scientists still explain many of the natural _. A.phenomenon B.phenomenons C. phenomena D.phenomenas Part II Reading Comprehension (40%) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 Items 31-35 are based on the following passage: Labor Market In economics, labor is a measure of the work done by human beings. It is conventionally contrasted with such other factors of production as land and capital. It is always treated as a 5 commoditysomething bought and sold in the marketplace. And the wage rate, which a firm pays for an hour of labor, is regarded as the price of that commodity. Of course, labor is different from other things that are traded. First, sellers of other commodities do not care who buys their product, as long as they get the market price. Sellers of labor, on the other hand, care very much who buys their labor, because that firm becomes their employer. This gives sellers of labor an interest in working conditions, friendly coworkers, commuting distance, possibilities for advancement, prestige, a sense of fulfillment and more. A second distinct feature of labor is the special meaning of the price in this market: the wage rate. Most of the incomes people earn over their lifetimes will come from their jobsfrom selling their laborso their wage rate will determine how well they can feed, clothe, house, and otherwise provide for themselves and their families. Differences in wages thus bring up vital issues of equity and fairness in the economy. Labor markets may be local or national (even international) in their scope and are made up of smaller, interacting labor markets for different qualifications, skills, and geographical locations. They depend on exchange of information between employers and job seekers about wage rates, conditions of employment, level of competition, and job location. Labor Market Equilibrium The demand for labor has increased because of technological change and the accumulation of capital. Many people are surprised about the fact. They see new technologies destroying jobs, not creating them. Downsizing became catchword of the 1990s as the computers and information age took hold and eliminated millions of “good” jobs, even of managers. So how can it be that technological change creates jobs and increase the demand for labor? Technological change destroys some jobs and creates others. But it creates more than it destroys, and on average the new jobs pay more than the old ones did. But to benefit from the advances in technology, people must acquire new skills and change their jobs. For example, during the past 15 years, the demand for typists has fallen almost to zero. But the demand for people who can type (on a computer rather than a typewriter) and do other things as well has increased. And the output of these people is worth more than that of a typist. So the demand for people with typing skills has increased. The supply of labor has increased because of population growth and technological change and capital accumulation in the home. The mechanization of home production of fast-food preparation services ( the freezer and the microwave oven) and laundry services (the automatic washer and dryer and drip drying clothing) has decreased the time spent on activities that once were full-time jobs inside the home and has led to a large increase in the supply of labor. As a result, the supply of labor has steadily increased, but a slower pace than the demand for labor. Because technological advances and capital accumulation have increased demand by more than the population growth and technological change in home production has increased supply, both wage and employment have increased. But not everyone has shared in the advancing 6 prosperity that comes from higher wage rate. Some groups have been left behind, and some have even seen their wage rates fall. Why? The key reasons can be identified. First, technological change affects the marginal productivity of different groups in different ways. High-skilled computer-literate workers have benefited from the information revolution while low-skilled workers have suffered. The demand for the services of the first group has increased and the demand for the services of the second group has decreased. Second, international competition has lowered the marginal revenue product of low-skilled workers and so decreased the demand for their labor. Trend in Chinas Labor Market Since economic reforms began, Chinas evolving labor market has played a fundamental role in Chinas economic development strategy. Socialist commitments to the urban labor force put political constraints on reform, but over time, often with lurches and fits, the labor market continued to develop in step with Chinas extraordinarily rapid economic ascent. And yet in many respects reform of the labor market remains incomplete. In nearly all of our assessments of the performance of the labor market, we found evidence of rapid change and progress combined with important remaining barriers. China endured a painful period of economic restructuring in the late 1990s, which led to high rates of unemployment and declines in labor force participation. The good news is that since 2002, the unemployment rate has fallen to much more manageable levels. However, many displaced workers never found new jobs, or were forced to accept relatively low wages. New social insurance systems were established, but have incomplete coverage, allowing many dislocated workers and their families to fall through the cracks. Unemployment subsidies also may have created work disincentives for men. Industrial and financial policies have supported capital-intensive industry, reducing the demand for labor, especially low-skilled workers. The ability of firms to adjust employment in response to changes in the economic environment improved significantly in the 1990s, but evidence suggests that many firms still are overmanned and overall job mobility remains low. Real wages have increased continuously despite the emergence of unemployment, and wages increasingly reward productivity, as seen in the dramatic increase in the returns to education. At the same time, the gender gap, including the unexplained component, has widened. Moreover, wage liberalization has increased inequality, creating new policy challenges. Migration flows have increased substantially over time, helping to integrate labor markets in rural and urban areas, and across regions. Policy barriers to labor mobility have receded. Increasing migration from poorer Western regions has been especially promising, and there is evidence (albeit mixed) that regional earnings disparities are starting to narrow and that the returns to education across regions have converged over time. However, rural-urban income gaps continue to widen, investment has been slow to flow to poorer, interior regions, and the hukou system 7 burdens migrants, who still face unequal treatment that limits their access to jobs, education, adequate quality housing, and social insurance and social assistance programs in Chinas cities. Ownership reform has reduced the share of workers employed in the state sector and market reforms have given SOEs an increasingly commercial orientation. However, SOEs still provide higher wages and benefits to workers than other types of employers (except foreign enterprises), so that voluntary mobility out of state-sector employment remains low, especially in the lower skill brackets. At the same time, significant informalization of the urban labor market, characterized by lack of formal labor contracts and few non-wage benefits, has made labor allocation increasingly market-oriented but has increased the vulnerability of workers who lack social insurance coverage. Some of the key challenges that remain include the following: 1) developing an accurate and timely labor statistical information system to report on key indicators such as unemployment; 2) providing an effective safety net for dislocated workers; 4) developing effective social insurance programs that have broad coverage, do not create work disincentives, and create portable benefits; 3) integrating migrants into urban areas by equalizing access to education and gradually extending coverage by social assistance and social insurance programs; 4) and dismantling the hukou system. Choose the best answer: 31. The factors of production do not include_. A. labor B. land C. capital D. wage rate 32. Differences in wages thus bring up _in the economy. A. airiness B. equity C. fairness and equity D. inequity and unfairness 33. According to this article, which statement is true? A. The demand of labor is more than the supply of labor. B. The demand of labor is less than the supply of labor. C. The demand of labor is equal to the supply of labor D. The author is not clear about the relation between the demand of labor and the supply of labor 34. Those still face unequal treatment that limits their access to jobs, education, adequate quality housing, and social insurance and social assistance programs in Chinas cities because of _. A. the gender B. poor education C. no hukou D. no money 35. The meaning of SOEs in Chinese is_. A. 政