MTI外刊阅读精选破案的数据.docx
MTI外刊阅读精选破案的数据Data for detectivesUnparalleled surveillance capacity and vast amounts of data are radically transforming criminal-justice systems, says Jon Fasman本专题作者乔恩法斯曼(Jon Fasman)说,无与伦比的监控能力和海量的数据正在彻底改变刑事司法系统ON WHAT does the administration of justice depend? Devotees of the Old Testament might say wisdom, as displayed in King Solomons judgment. Others might say a dispassionate objectivity. It also requires the threat of punishmentthe basis of the modern states coercive power to enforce laws. But John Fielding knew that, before administrators of justice could mete out punishment or exercise wisdom, they needed something else: information.司法倚赖什么?旧约的信徒可能会说是智慧所罗门的审判中彰显的品质。另一些人可能会说是不带情感和偏见的客观。另外,它还需要会被惩罚的威胁现代国家强制执法权的基础。但是,约翰菲尔丁(John Fielding)知道,在司法人员能够做出判罚或动用智慧之前,他们还需要一样东西:信息。Together with his half-brother Henry (a magistrate better remembered as the author of “Tom Jones”), in 1749 Fielding founded the Bow Street Runners, Londonsand the worldsfirst professional police force, paid for largely with public funds. Information was at the centre of everything Fielding did. He retained descriptions of suspected criminals, for instance, as well as a “watch book”, which contained details of expensive timepieces to help prevent their resale if stolen.1749年,菲尔丁和他同父异母的哥哥亨利(一名区治安法官,因著作汤姆琼斯为世人铭记)一起创建了“弓街捕快”(Bow Street Runners),这是伦敦乃至世界上第一支专业警察部队,主要由公共资金支持。菲尔丁所做一切的核心就是信息。比如,他保存了对嫌疑犯的描述,以及一本载有昂贵计时器详细资料的“名表录”,让它们在遭窃后难以出手转卖。The worlds most famous detective shared Fieldings view; Sherlock Holmes retained an extensive indexed library of criminals and their crimes. The delight readers took in following hima delight that makes crime fiction one of the great literary genresalso had information at its heart. What is a clue? What is a red herring? How does justice work? We pay homage to that tradition with the graphic story that illustrates these pages.英雄所见略同。世界上最著名的侦探福尔摩斯存有一个有关罪犯及其罪行的庞大检索资料库。读者在跟随福尔摩斯探案的过程中深感愉悦。这种愉悦感是侦探小说成为主要文学体裁之一的原因,而其核心也关乎信息。什么是线索?什么只是转移注意力的把戏?公义公正如何实现?本刊在此用一本漫画来再现这些情节,向这一传统致敬。In fact as in fiction, the trend has continued. The Metropolitan police department, which has patrolled Washington, DC, since 1861, retains annual reports detailing crimes in each precinct. American homicide detectives record details of their cases in “murder books”, which are then filed for future consultation.而在现实中,收集留存大量信息的做法也得以延续。华盛顿特区的大都会警局自 1861年开始在当地执法,它保留了每年有关各个辖区罪案的详细报告。美国的凶杀案侦探在“谋杀档案”中记录下他们经手案件的细节,而后归档供日后办案参考。Historically, gathering information was an arduous process, requiring innumerable conversations, many of which later proved to be irrelevant; hours staking out a subject; researching documents and testimony; and reams of tedious paperwork. In illiberal countries, where governments do not care about their citizens civil rights, police could easily tap phones and open letters. Liberal countries make that harder; police who want to listen to someones phone calls can do so only for limited periods and specific purposes, and then only with judicial approval.收集信息曾经是一个艰苦繁难的过程:要展开无数对话,其中许多到头来发现毫不相关;长时间监视某人;研究文件和证词;大量枯燥乏味的文书工作。在不自由的国家,政府不关心公民权利,警方很容易就能监听电话和查看私人信件。在自由国家这要更难一些。警察若想监听谁打电话,只能是在有限的时间出于特定的目的这么做,而且还必须得到司法部门批准。