2021年考研英语一模拟题(一).docx
2021年考研英语一模拟题(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co., one of the six companies, created out of the 1 national railway system. In an industry lacking exciting growth 2, its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations 3 is drawing interest.In a plan called “Station Renaissance”(英文符号)that it 4 in November, JR East said that it would 5 using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants, extending them to 6 more suitable for the information age. It wants train stations as pick-up 7 for such goods as books, flowers and groceries purchased 8 the Internet. In a country 9 urbanites depend heavily on trains 10 commuting, about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway, the company 11. So, picking up purchases at train stations spare 12 extra travel and missed home deliveries.JR East already has been using its station 13 stores for this purpose, but it plans to create 14 spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.The company also plans to introduce 15 cards(破折号)known in Japan as IC cards because they use integrated 16 for holding information 17 train tickets and commuter passes 18 the magnetic ones used today, integrating them into a single pass. This will save the company money, because 19 for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also 20 the space needed for ticket vending.1. A privatized B individualized C personalized D characterized2. A prospects B outlooks C expectations D spectacles3. A articulately B originally C reluctantly D creatively4. A unveiled B concealed C demonstrated D displayed5. A come round B go beyond C take over D went out6. A endeavours B enterprises C functions D performances7. A locations B entrances C vicinities D districts8. A form B above C over D in9. A when B where C which D that10. A of B in C about D for11. A figures B speculates C exhibits D convinces12. A clients B consumers C merchants D businesses13. A conjunction B ornament C expenditure D convenience14. A dedicated B devoted C designated D destined15. A clever B intelligent C ingenious D smart16. A chorus B circus C circumference D circuit17. A as B for C with D of18. A as well as B instead of C more than D but for19. A devices B instruments C readers D examiners20. A shrink B narrow C descend D reduceSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1The inclusion of all children and youth is part of a general integrative trend that has accelerated since World War II. It relates to some newer developments as well. Concern for the earths endangered environment has become central, emphasizing in both intellectual and social life the need for cooperation rather than competition, the importance of understanding interrelationships of the ecosystem, and the idea that ecology can be used as an organizing concept. In a different vein, the rapid development of microelectronics, particularly the use of computers for multiple functions in education, goes for beyond possibilities of earlier technological advances. Although technology is thought of by some as antagonistic to humanistic concerns, others argue that it makes communication and comprehension available to a wider population and encourages “system thinking,” both ultimately integrative effects.The polarization of opinion on technologys effects and most other important issues is a problem in educational policy determination. In addition to the difficulties of governing increasingly large and diverse education systems, as well as those of meeting the never-ending demands of expanding education, the chronic lack of consensus makes the system unable to respond satisfactorily to public criticism and unable to plan for substantive long-range development.The political and administrative responses so far have been to attend to short-run efficiency by improving management techniques and to adopt polar responses to accommodate polar criticisms. Thus, community and community schools have been emphasized along with central control and standardization, and institutional alternatives have been opened, while the structure of main institutions has become more articulated. For example, the focus of attention has been placed on the transition stages, which earlier were virtually ignored: from home to school from primary to secondary to upper secondary, from school to work. Tertiary institutions have been reconceived as part of a unified level; testing has become more sophisticated and credentials have become more differentiated either by certificate or by transcript.Alternative teaching strategies have been encouraged in theory, but basic, curriculum uniformity has effectively restricted the practice of new methods. General education is still mainly abstract, and subject matter, though internally more dynamic, still rests on language, mathematics, and science. There has been an increasing reliance on the construction of subject matter to guide the method of teaching. Teachers are entrusted with a greater variety of tasks, but they are less trusted with knowledge, leading political authorities to call for upgrading of teacher training, teacher in service training, and regular assessment of teacher performance.Recent reform efforts have been focused on integrating general and vocational education and on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet changing individual and social needs. Thus, not only has the number of students and institutions increased, as a result of inclusion policies, but the scope of education has also expanded. This tremendous growth, however, has raised new questions about the proper functions of the school and the effectiveness for life, work, or intellectual advancement of present programs and means of instruction.21. The passage is mainly about _A major difficulties in educationB effects of modem technology on educationC major trends and problems in educationD the tremendous growth of education22. From the passage we can infer that _A the rapid development of modem technologyB some modem developments relating to the inclusion policiesC the inclusion policies of educationD concern for the earths endangered environments23. The second passage is mainly about _ A the polarization of opinion on some important issues about educational policyB the rapid development of educationC the difficulties in meeting the demands of expanding educationD the political and administrative measures taken to further expand education24. The author uses the example of transition of stage in school to show _A school life is important for families in a communityB schooling is important for students to go to workC disciplines are emphasized in community schoolD all levels of schools are unified25. According to this passage, which of the following is FALSE? _A Various teaching methodologies have not been widely adopted in general education.B Focusing on subject matter is still an obvious feature of general education.C The transition from school to work has never been overlooked.D The professional quality of the major, of teachers has not been considerably enhanced.Text 2The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attentionthat aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive free floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. the range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it but the animal does experience something like it.The predator is searchingly aggressive inner directed, used by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizards instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework. The large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds and yesterdays unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.26. The author is primarily concerned with _.A disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivoresB describing a relationship between animals intelligence and their ecological rolesC establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern counterpartsD analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores27. According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of the following may occur EXCEPT_.A the production of adrenalineB the production of norepinephrineC a heightening of sensitivity to stimulateD an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem28. According to the passage, improvement in brain function among early large mammals resulted primarily from which of the following_?A Interplay of predator and prey.B Persistence of free floating awareness in animals of the grasslands.C Gradual dominance of warm blooded mammals over cold blooded reptiles.D Interaction of early large mammals with less intelligent species.29. The author refers to a hungry lizard (last paragraph) primarily in order to_.A demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those of no mammalsB broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as an exampleC make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousnessD provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators30. The authors attitude toward the mammals discussed in the passage is best described as _.A superior condescending B lighthearted and jocularC apologetic and conciliatory D respectful and admiringText 3Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreler, the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognized apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is likely to grow up failing to understand that quarrels, unlike arguments, are not about anything, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel age out to establish or rescue their dignity. Hence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of calling this old acquaintance a lying fraud.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enroll in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a license for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that some of our most tenacious black belt quarrelers have come to it late in life and mastered every throw.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types with time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self esteem, honor is quarrelling, like jealousy, is an oil consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarrelers very self hood is on the line. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponents feet.31. According to the passage, which is false?A It is a good way to establish or rescue ones dignity through quarrel_.B Quarrel is very different from argument.C Spouses can benef